Go语言的一些知识

1.命令行参数

package main

import (
	"flag"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	// 定义一个 string 类型的命令行参数
	name := flag.String("name", "world", "a name to greet")

	// 定义一个 int 类型的命令行参数
	age := flag.Int("age", 25, "your age")

	// 解析命令行参数
	flag.Parse()

	// 打印结果
	fmt.Printf("Hello, %s! You are %d years old.\n", *name, *age)
}

go run main.go -name "nihao" -age 20

go build -o main.exe & ./main.exe -name "" -age 20

2.GIF 动画

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"image"
	"image/color"
	"image/gif"
	"io"
	"math"
	"math/rand"
	"os"
	"time"
)

var palette = []color.Color{color.White, color.Black}

const (
	whiteIndex = 0 // first color in palette
	blackIndex = 1 // next color in palette
)

func main() {
	// The sequence of images is deterministic unless we seed
	// the pseudo-random number generator using the current time.
	// Thanks to Randall McPherson for pointing out the omission.
	rand.Seed(time.Now().UTC().UnixNano())

	// Create the file
	file, err := os.Create("img.gif")
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	defer func(file *os.File) {
		err := file.Close()
		if err != nil {
			fmt.Println(err)
		}
	}(file)

	lissajous(file)
}

func lissajous(out io.Writer) {
	const (
		cycles  = 5     // 振荡器完整的 x 转数
		res     = 0.001 // 角分辨率
		size    = 100   // 图像画布封面 [-size...+size] （-尺寸...+尺寸
		nframes = 64    // 动画帧数
		delay   = 8     // 帧与帧之间的延迟，以 10ms 为单位
	)

	freq := rand.Float64() * 3.0 // y 振荡器的相对频率
	anim := gif.GIF{LoopCount: nframes}
	phase := 0.0 // phase difference
	for i := 0; i < nframes; i++ {
		rect := image.Rect(0, 0, 2*size+1, 2*size+1)
		img := image.NewPaletted(rect, palette)
		for t := 0.0; t < cycles*2*math.Pi; t += res {
			x := math.Sin(t)
			y := math.Sin(t*freq + phase)
			img.SetColorIndex(size+int(x*size+0.5), size+int(y*size+0.5), blackIndex)
		}
		phase += 0.1
		anim.Delay = append(anim.Delay, delay)
		anim.Image = append(anim.Image, img)
	}
	err := gif.EncodeAll(out, &anim)
	if err != nil {
		return
	}
}

3.获取url

// Fetch prints the content found at a URL.
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"net/http"
	"os"
	"strings"
)

func main() {
	for _, url := range os.Args[1:] {
		if !strings.HasPrefix(url, "http://") {
			url = "http://" + url
		}

		resp, err := http.Get(url)
		if err != nil {
			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "fetch: %v\n", err)
			os.Exit(resp.StatusCode)
		}
		_, err = io.Copy(os.Stdout, resp.Body)
		resp.Body.Close()
		if err != nil {
			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "fetch: reading %s: %v\n", url, err)
			os.Exit(1)
		}
	}
}

./fetch.exe http://bloggo.chat/就可以获得这个页面的html文件了（bloggo.chat是我使用Golang写得博客系统，欢迎大家观看）

使用并发编程获取url的操作：

// Fetchall fetches URLs in parallel and reports their times and sizes.
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"io/ioutil"
	"net/http"
	"os"
	"time"
)

func main() {
	start := time.Now()
	ch := make(chan string)
	for _, url := range os.Args[1:] {
		go fetch(url, ch) // start a goroutine
	}
	for range os.Args[1:] {
		fmt.Println(<-ch) // receive from channel ch
	}
	fmt.Printf("%.2fs elapsed\n", time.Since(start).Seconds())
}

func fetch(url string, ch chan<- string) {
	start := time.Now()
	resp, err := http.Get(url)
	if err != nil {
		ch <- fmt.Sprint(err) // send to channel ch
		return
	}
	// Discard 如名字一样，是一个用于丢弃数据的地方
	// 虽然有时候我们不在意数据内容，但可能存在数据不读出来就无法关闭连接的情况，这时候就可以使用 io.Copy(ioutil.Discard, io.Reader) 将数据写入 Discard
	// Discard 是 io.Writer 类型，是通过 devNull 定义得来的，devNull 实现了 Write 方法（其实什么都没做，直接返回长度，永远成功）
	nbytes, err := io.Copy(ioutil.Discard, resp.Body)
	resp.Body.Close() // don't leak resources
	if err != nil {
		ch <- fmt.Sprintf("while reading %s: %v", url, err)
		return
	}
	secs := time.Since(start).Seconds()
	ch <- fmt.Sprintf("%.2fs  %7d  %s", secs, nbytes, url)
}