虚拟语气
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If引导的非真实条件句
虚拟语气是用来表示说话人的主观愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测、建议等,并不是客观存在的事实
时间 | 从句 | 主句 |
与现在事实相反 | If + s + did/were…… | S + would/should/might/could + do sth |
与过去事实相反 | If + s + had done…… | S + would/should/might/could + have done sth |
与将来事实相反 | If + s +did/were…… If + s + were to do…… If + s + should do…… | S + would/should/might/could + do sth |
例:if I should live my life again, I would have you as my wife.如果有来世,我一定会娶你为妻
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虚拟倒装
若从句中含有were、助动词had、或should,可以省略if,并把这些词提至句首
例1:If they had paid more efforts at that time, they would have had a different life.
=Had they paid more efforts at that time, they would have had a different life.
如果他们在那时更努力,他们将会有一个不同的人生
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错综时间条件句
在非真实条件句中,主句谓语动词与从句谓语动词所使用的时态不一致时,这时主句和从句的时态由各自的时间状语确定
例:If you hesitated at this moment, you would regret in the future. 如果你此时犹豫,你将来会后悔。
分析:表说话人的主观猜测,用虚拟语气,前后时间状语不一致,各自谓语动词用各自的形式。此题中从句为对现在虚拟,主句为对将来虚拟。
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含蓄条件句
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通常由一个介词短语或其他常用的词或短语来表示,有:without (如果没有), but for (要不是), otherwise (否则),如果表示对现在或将来的假设主句谓语动词用w/s/m/c + do, 如果表示对过去的假设用w/s/m/c + have done
例:Without the support of directorate, we wouldn’t finish the program.要是没有董事会的支持,我们不能完成这个项目。
分析:without开头对将来或者现在虚拟,用wouldn’t do sth.
2. 在动词wish后接的宾语从句中。 as if (就像。。。一样), as though (似乎), if only (要是。。。就好了),even though/even if (即使) 从句用did/were表示对现在的假设。had done表示对过去的假设。could/would + do表示对将来假设
例1:He wishes he could do better next time.(将来) 他希望他下次能做更好
例2:He looks at me in a terror as if I were the evil stepmother.(现在) 他恐惧地看着我就像我是一个恶毒的后妈一样。
例3:If only Uncle Yu Le were also on the ship.要是于勒叔叔也在这条船上就好了
3. would sooner, would rather, would just as都表宁愿。现在或将来用did/were, 过去用had done
例:He would just as that he hadn’t suffered the traffic accident.(过去)他宁愿他没有遭受那次交通事故
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虚拟语气在主句从句中的用法
在it作形式主语的的复合句中,主句常用虚拟语气来表示建议、命令、要求、决定、主张等,从句谓语动词用should + 动词原形,被动就用should + be done,should可省略,当句型为是做。。。的时候从句动词只能用did有以下三种:
1. It is/was + adj. + that引导主语从句,后动词用do
常见adj.:natural、strange、imperative(重要紧急的)、appropriate(恰当的)、advisable(明智的)等
例: it is advisable that we (should) think twice before we jump.三思而后行是明智的
2. It is(high/about/very) + time + (that) + 其它 意为是时候做。。。。了, 后的动词用did
例:It is time(that) you made up your mind.是时候做出你的决定了
3. It is/was + done. + that引导主语从句
4. It is/was + n. + that引导主语从句
此类名词有pity, shame, no wonder等,用以表示说话人的惊异,懊悔,失望等情绪
例: It is no wonder that he (should) get the first. 毫无疑问,他得第一。
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虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法
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表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等含义得动词后接宾语从句时,从句用虚拟语气,其谓语动词用should do或should be done的形式,should可省略,常见动词有:advise,command,decide, determine, demand, insist, desire, propose, move, order, require, prefer, request, recommend, suggest等
例1:Our boss insisted that every work (should) be done before we go home.我们老板坚持 要求我们在回家之前完成所有工作
例2:They suggested that every plan(should) be discussed at the meeting.他们建议在会议 上讨论所有计划
注意:当suggest不表建议而表暗示、表面,insist不表坚持要求表坚持认为时,不用 虚拟语气用陈述语气
例1:The smile on her face suggested that she was satisfied with the job.在她脸上的笑容 表明她对这个工作满意
例2:He insisted that he had done nothing wrong.他坚持认为他没有做错
- Lest, for fear that, in case表以免,以防,唯恐。用虚拟语气,一般用should do/should be done。 should可省略
例:You’d better take an umbrella lest it (should) rain.你最好带一把雨伞以免下雨
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虚拟语气在表语从句和同位语从句中的用法
表示建议、要求、命令、请求等的名词后接表语从句和同位语从句,使用虚拟语气, 用should do/should be done。 should可省略。常见名词有:advice, decision, demand, desire, motion, order, preference, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion。
例:The proposal that the remark of the last speaker(should) be expunged(擦掉,删去) from the record.该提议要求把最后一个发言人从记录中删除
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虚拟语气在情态动词中的用法
Should + have done表本应该做却没做
Ought + have done表本应该做却没有做
Could + have done表能做却没做
Might + have done表可能做却没做
Need + have done表需要做却没做
Shouldn’t + have done表不应该做却做了
Oughtn’t + have done表不应该做却做了
Needn’t + have done表不需要做却做了
Mustn’t(禁止)
Must do对现在推测,一定做了
Must have done对过去推测,一定做过
主语 + 情态动词 + have done。。。 , but + 主语 + did。。。
例:I should have invited Tom for a meal, but I forgot.我本应该请汤姆吃顿饭,但是我忘了
- 注意:can/could have done还可表对过去发生的事进行推测,表可能。。。。 ,can’t/couldn’t have done表不可能
例:My sister__B_my e-mail. Otherwise,she would have replied.我的姐妹不可能收到我的电子邮件。否则,她会回我
A.Mustn’t have received(表推测时无此用法)
B. can’t have received(此处对过去表推测,表不可能)
C.shouldn’t have received
D. needn’t have received