Insecure CAPTCHA（不安全的验证码）
Insecure CAPTCHA（不安全的验证码），CAPTCHA全称为Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart，中文名字是全自动区分计算机和人类的图灵测试。关于这一项，其实是在验证流程出现了逻辑漏洞。
CAPTCHA (验证码)是一个程序，它可以判断访问网页的用户是人还是机器人，我们在生活中经常需要输入，例如在网页注册表格底部有扭曲文字的彩色图片。许多网站都使用验证码来防止“机器人程序”或通常用来生成垃圾邮件的自动程序的滥用。没有一个计算机程序能够像人类一样读取失真的文本，因此机器人程序无法导航受验证码保护的站点。
验证码通常用于保护敏感功能免受自动机器人的攻击，该功能通常在用户注册和更改、密码更改和发布内容中使用。在本例中，验证码保护用户帐户的更改密码功能，这对 CSRF 攻击和爆破等攻击提供了有限的保护。
你的目标是更改当前用户的密码，因为使用的验证码的验证流程很差。
- 注意 DVWA 验证码使用的是 Google 提供 reCAPTCHA 服务，我们暂时使用不了该服务，这个对实验没有任何影响，因为我们根本不会去动验证码而是直接绕过。
验证码
验证码（CAPTCHA）是“Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart”（全自动区分计算机和人类的图灵测试）的缩写，是一种区分用户是计算机还是人的公共全自动程序。可以防止：恶意破解密码、刷票、论坛灌水，有效防止某个黑客对某一个特定注册用户用特定程序暴力破解方式进行不断的登陆尝试，实际上用验证码是现在很多网站通行的方式，我们利用比较简易的方式实现了这个功能。这个问题可以由计算机生成并评判，但是必须只有人类才能解答。由于计算机无法解答 CAPTCHA 的问题，所以回答出问题的用户就可以被认为是人类。推荐一个 B 站视频——验证码不光可以白嫖人们的智力，没准还侵犯你的隐私。
验证流程：
用户首先访问网页，触发页面的验证码的js模块，向谷歌服务器发起请求，谷歌服务器将验证码发给用户。用户输入验证码发送数据回去，这里发给的是访问网站的服务器，网站的服务器拿到验证码后，再去访问谷歌的服务器，谷歌的服务器会判断验证码是否正确，再将结果返回给网站服务器。
Insecure CAPTCHA主题：
Low
源码解析
<?php
//第一阶段，验证身份，验证阶段为step
if( isset( $_POST[ 'Change' ] ) && ( $_POST[ 'step' ] == '1' ) ) {
// Hide the CAPTCHA form
//隐藏验证码表单
$hide_form = true;
// Get input
//得到用户的新密码及确认新密码
$pass_new = $_POST[ 'password_new' ];
$pass_conf = $_POST[ 'password_conf' ];
// Check CAPTCHA from 3rd party
//使用第三方进行身份验证
//recaptcha_check_answer($privkey,$remoteip, $challenge,$response)
参数$privkey是服务器申请的private key，$remoteip是用户的ip，$challenge是recaptcha_challenge_field字段的值，来自前端页面 ，$response是recaptcha_response_field字段的值。函数返回ReCaptchaResponse class的实例，ReCaptchaResponse类有2个属性 ：
$is_valid是布尔型的，表示校验是否有效，
$error是返回的错误代码。
$resp = recaptcha_check_answer(
$_DVWA[ 'recaptcha_private_key'],
$_POST['g-recaptcha-response']
);
// Did the CAPTCHA fail?
if( !$resp ) {
// What happens when the CAPTCHA was entered incorrectly
//验证失败时
$html .= "<pre><br />The CAPTCHA was incorrect. Please try again.</pre>";
$hide_form = false;
return;
}
else {
// CAPTCHA was correct. Do both new passwords match?
//验证通过时，匹配两次密码是否一致
if( $pass_new == $pass_conf ) {
// Show next stage for the user
echo "
<pre><br />You passed the CAPTCHA! Click the button to confirm your changes.<br /></pre>
<form action=\"#\" method=\"POST\">
<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"step\" value=\"2\" />
<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"password_new\" value=\"{$pass_new}\" />
<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"password_conf\" value=\"{$pass_conf}\" />
<input type=\"submit\" name=\"Change\" value=\"Change\" />
</form>";
}
else {
// Both new passwords do not match.
$html .= "<pre>Both passwords must match.</pre>";
$hide_form = false;
}
}
}
//第二阶段，检查两次密码是否一致，并更新密码
if( isset( $_POST[ 'Change' ] ) && ( $_POST[ 'step' ] == '2' ) ) {
// Hide the CAPTCHA form
$hide_form = true;
// Get input
$pass_new = $_POST[ 'password_new' ];
$pass_conf = $_POST[ 'password_conf' ];
// Check to see if both password match
if( $pass_new == $pass_conf ) {
// They do!
$pass_new = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $pass_new ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
$pass_new = md5( $pass_new );
// Update database
$insert = "UPDATE `users` SET password = '$pass_new' WHERE user = '" . dvwaCurrentUser() . "';";
$result = mysqli_query($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $insert ) or die( '<pre>' . ((is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_error($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) : (($___mysqli_res = mysqli_connect_error()) ? $___mysqli_res : false)) . '</pre>' );
// Feedback for the end user
echo "<pre>Password Changed.</pre>";
}
else {
// Issue with the passwords matching
echo "<pre>Passwords did not match.</pre>";
$hide_form = false;
}
((is_null($___mysqli_res = mysqli_close($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]))) ? false : $___mysqli_res);
}
?>漏洞复现
按照源码分析，总共分为两个阶段：
第一阶段：对用户的身份进行验证，step为1，验证成功后才能进行密码修改
第二阶段：step为2，两次输入的密码一致，可以进行修改
考虑：直接跳过第一阶段，输入的密码一致，是否可以？
（1）输入两个一致的密码，直接使用burp抓包
（2）将step改为2，进行测试
（3）修改成功
这种可以参考CSRF模块，都可以去构造一个Web站点，做一个诱导页面，将step设置为2，诱导用户去点击。
Medium
源码解析
<?php
if( isset( $_POST[ 'Change' ] ) && ( $_POST[ 'step' ] == '1' ) ) {
// Hide the CAPTCHA form
$hide_form = true;
// Get input
$pass_new = $_POST[ 'password_new' ];
$pass_conf = $_POST[ 'password_conf' ];
// Check CAPTCHA from 3rd party
$resp = recaptcha_check_answer(
$_DVWA[ 'recaptcha_private_key' ],
$_POST['g-recaptcha-response']
);
// Did the CAPTCHA fail?
if( !$resp ) {
// What happens when the CAPTCHA was entered incorrectly
$html .= "<pre><br />The CAPTCHA was incorrect. Please try again.</pre>";
$hide_form = false;
return;
}
else {
// CAPTCHA was correct. Do both new passwords match?
if( $pass_new == $pass_conf ) {
// Show next stage for the user
echo "
// 对参数passed_captcha进行验证，如果通过身份验证，该参数就为true
<pre><br />You passed the CAPTCHA! Click the button to confirm your changes.<br /></pre>
<form action=\"#\" method=\"POST\">
<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"step\" value=\"2\" />
<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"password_new\" value=\"{$pass_new}\" />
<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"password_conf\" value=\"{$pass_conf}\" />
<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"passed_captcha\" value=\"true\" />
<input type=\"submit\" name=\"Change\" value=\"Change\" />
</form>";
}
else {
// Both new passwords do not match.
$html .= "<pre>Both passwords must match.</pre>";
$hide_form = false;
}
}
}
if( isset( $_POST[ 'Change' ] ) && ( $_POST[ 'step' ] == '2' ) ) {
// Hide the CAPTCHA form
$hide_form = true;
// Get input
$pass_new = $_POST[ 'password_new' ];
$pass_conf = $_POST[ 'password_conf' ];
// Check to see if they did stage 1
if( !$_POST[ 'passed_captcha' ] ) {
$html .= "<pre><br />You have not passed the CAPTCHA.</pre>";
$hide_form = false;
return;
}
// Check to see if both password match
if( $pass_new == $pass_conf ) {
// They do!
$pass_new = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $pass_new ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
$pass_new = md5( $pass_new );
// Update database
$insert = "UPDATE `users` SET password = '$pass_new' WHERE user = '" . dvwaCurrentUser() . "';";
$result = mysqli_query($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $insert ) or die( '<pre>' . ((is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_error($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) : (($___mysqli_res = mysqli_connect_error()) ? $___mysqli_res : false)) . '</pre>' );
// Feedback for the end user
echo "<pre>Password Changed.</pre>";
}
else {
// Issue with the passwords matching
echo "<pre>Passwords did not match.</pre>";
$hide_form = false;
}
((is_null($___mysqli_res = mysqli_close($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]))) ? false : $___mysqli_res);
}
?>漏洞复现
与Low难度相比，增加了一个passed_capt，当passed_capt为true时就可以修改密码了
（1）同样使用burp进行抓包
（2）修改step为2，后面增加参数passed_captcha=true
（3）修改成
High
源码解析
<?php
if( isset( $_POST[ 'Change' ] ) ) {
// Hide the CAPTCHA form
$hide_form = true;
// Get input
$pass_new = $_POST[ 'password_new' ];
$pass_conf = $_POST[ 'password_conf' ];
// Check CAPTCHA from 3rd party
$resp = recaptcha_check_answer(
$_DVWA[ 'recaptcha_private_key' ],
$_POST['g-recaptcha-response']
);
//（通过身份验证条件）或者 （参数g-recaptcha-respon为hidd3n_valu3并且参数 HTTP_USER_AGE为 reCAPTC）就算是验证通过了
if (
$resp ||
(
$_POST[ 'g-recaptcha-response' ] == 'hidd3n_valu3'
&& $_SERVER[ 'HTTP_USER_AGENT' ] == 'reCAPTCHA'
)
){
// CAPTCHA was correct. Do both new passwords match?
if ($pass_new == $pass_conf) {
$pass_new = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $pass_new ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
$pass_new = md5( $pass_new );
// Update database
$insert = "UPDATE `users` SET password = '$pass_new' WHERE user = '" . dvwaCurrentUser() . "' LIMIT 1;";
$result = mysqli_query($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $insert ) or die( '<pre>' . ((is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_error($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) : (($___mysqli_res = mysqli_connect_error()) ? $___mysqli_res : false)) . '</pre>' );
// Feedback for user
echo "<pre>Password Changed.</pre>";
} else {
// Ops. Password mismatch
$html .= "<pre>Both passwords must match.</pre>";
$hide_form = false;
}
} else {
// What happens when the CAPTCHA was entered incorrectly
$html .= "<pre><br />The CAPTCHA was incorrect. Please try again.</pre>";
$hide_form = false;
return;
}
((is_null($___mysqli_res = mysqli_close($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]))) ? false : $___mysqli_res);
}
// Generate Anti-CSRF token
generateSessionToken();
?>漏洞复现
可以看到，验证过程已经不分步走了，都合在一个阶段里面了
服务器的验证逻辑是当$resp（这里是指谷歌返回的验证结果）是false，并且参数recaptcha_response_field不等于hidd3n_valu3（或者http包头的User-Agent参数不等于reCAPTCHA）时，就认为验证码输入错误，反之则认为已经通过了验证码的检查。
搞清楚了验证逻辑，剩下就是伪造绕过了，由于$resp参数我们无法控制，所以重心放在参数recaptcha_response_field、User-Agent上。
（1）burp抓包
（2）修改参数 $_POST[ 'g-recaptcha-response' ] == 'hidd3n_valu3' $_SERVER[ 'HTTP_USER_AGENT' == 'reCAPTCHA'
（3）修改成功
Impossible
源码解析
<?php
if( isset( $_POST[ 'Change' ] ) ) {
// Check Anti-CSRF token
checkToken( $_REQUEST[ 'user_token' ], $_SESSION[ 'session_token' ], 'index.php' );
// Hide the CAPTCHA form
$hide_form = true;
// Get input
$pass_new = $_POST[ 'password_new' ];
$pass_new = stripslashes( $pass_new );
$pass_new = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $pass_new ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
$pass_new = md5( $pass_new );
$pass_conf = $_POST[ 'password_conf' ];
$pass_conf = stripslashes( $pass_conf );
$pass_conf = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $pass_conf ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
$pass_conf = md5( $pass_conf );
$pass_curr = $_POST[ 'password_current' ];
$pass_curr = stripslashes( $pass_curr );
$pass_curr = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $pass_curr ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
$pass_curr = md5( $pass_curr );
// Check CAPTCHA from 3rd party
$resp = recaptcha_check_answer(
$_DVWA[ 'recaptcha_private_key' ],
$_POST['g-recaptcha-response']
);
// Did the CAPTCHA fail?
if( !$resp ) {
// What happens when the CAPTCHA was entered incorrectly
echo "<pre><br />The CAPTCHA was incorrect. Please try again.</pre>";
$hide_form = false;
return;
}
else {
// Check that the current password is correct
$data = $db->prepare( 'SELECT password FROM users WHERE user = (:user) AND password = (:password) LIMIT 1;' );
$data->bindParam( ':user', dvwaCurrentUser(), PDO::PARAM_STR );
$data->bindParam( ':password', $pass_curr, PDO::PARAM_STR );
$data->execute();
// Do both new password match and was the current password correct?
if( ( $pass_new == $pass_conf) && ( $data->rowCount() == 1 ) ) {
// Update the database
$data = $db->prepare( 'UPDATE users SET password = (:password) WHERE user = (:user);' );
$data->bindParam( ':password', $pass_new, PDO::PARAM_STR );
$data->bindParam( ':user', dvwaCurrentUser(), PDO::PARAM_STR );
$data->execute();
// Feedback for the end user - success!
echo "<pre>Password Changed.</pre>";
}
else {
// Feedback for the end user - failed!
echo "<pre>Either your current password is incorrect or the new passwords did not match.<br />Please try again.</pre>";
$hide_form = false;
}
}
}
// Generate Anti-CSRF token
generateSessionToken();
?>漏洞复现
Impossible级别的代码增加了Anti-CSRF token 机制防御CSRF攻击，利用PDO技术防护sql注入，验证过程不再分成两部分了，同时要求用户输入之前的密码，进一步加强了身份认证。
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