Go中List 的使用方法

List 可以作为一个数组，stack、 queue 使用，使用方法有头插入，尾插入

迭代List

// To iterate over a list (where l is a *List):
for e: l.Front(); e != nil ; e = e.Next() {
    // do something
}

结构体

// 元素结构体
type Element struct {
    // 指针
	next, prev *Element

	// The list to which this element belongs.
    // 此元素所属的列表
	list *List

	// The value stored with this element.
    // 元素的值
	Value any
}


// List 结构体， 元素的集合
// List represents a doubly linked list. List 表示一个双向链表
// The zero value for List is an empty list ready to use. List 的零值是一个可以使用的空列表
type List struct {
    root Element // sentinel list element, only &root, root.prev, and root.next are used
	len  int     // current list length excluding (this) sentinel element
}

// 由以上可知， List 中的元素以root 位第一个节点的值，作为哨兵元素

方法

// Next returns the next list element or nil.
func (e *Element) Next() *Element {
	if p := e.next; e.list != nil && p != &e.list.root {
		return p
	}
	return nil
}

// Prev returns the previous list element or nil.
func (e *Element) Prev() *Element {
	if p := e.prev; e.list != nil && p != &e.list.root {
		return p
	}
	return nil
}

// Init initializes or clears list l.
func (l *List) Init() *List {
	l.root.next = &l.root // 地址
	l.root.prev = &l.root
	l.len = 0
	return l
}

// 初始化
// New returns an initialized list.
func New() *List { return new(List).Init() }

// Len returns the number of elements of list l.
// The complexity is O(1).
// 返回List 长度
func (l *List) Len() int { return l.len }

// Front returns the first element of list l or nil if the list is empty.
// 返回第一个元素
func (l *List) Front() *Element {
	if l.len == 0 {
		return nil
	}
	return l.root.next
}
// 返回最后一个元素
// Back returns the last element of list l or nil if the list is empty.
func (l *List) Back() *Element {
	if l.len == 0 {
		return nil
	}
	return l.root.prev
}

// 懒加载
// lazyInit lazily initializes a zero List value.
func (l *List) lazyInit() {
	if l.root.next == nil {
		l.Init()
	}
}


// 在某个元素之前插入一个元素
// insert inserts e after at, increments l.len, and returns e.
func (l *List) insert(e, at *Element) *Element {
	e.prev = at
	e.next = at.next
	e.prev.next = e
	e.next.prev = e
	e.list = l
	l.len++
	return e
}

// 在某个元素元素之前插入一个值
// insertValue is a convenience wrapper for insert(&Element{Value: v}, at).
func (l *List) insertValue(v any, at *Element) *Element {
	return l.insert(&Element{Value: v}, at)
}

// 直接删除
// remove removes e from its list, decrements l.len
func (l *List) remove(e *Element) {
	e.prev.next = e.next
	e.next.prev = e.prev
	e.next = nil // avoid memory leaks
	e.prev = nil // avoid memory leaks
	e.list = nil
	l.len--
}

// 把e 移到 at 后面
// move moves e to next to at.
func (l *List) move(e, at *Element) {
	if e == at {
		return
	}
	e.prev.next = e.next
	e.next.prev = e.prev

	e.prev = at
	e.next = at.next
	e.prev.next = e
	e.next.prev = e
}

// 删除并获取值
// Remove removes e from l if e is an element of list l.
// It returns the element value e.Value.
// The element must not be nil.
func (l *List) Remove(e *Element) any {
	if e.list == l {
		// if e.list == l, l must have been initialized when e was inserted
		// in l or l == nil (e is a zero Element) and l.remove will crash
		l.remove(e)
	}
	return e.Value
}

// 在头部插入一个值
// PushFront inserts a new element e with value v at the front of list l and returns e.
func (l *List) PushFront(v any) *Element {
	l.lazyInit()
	return l.insertValue(v, &l.root)
}

// 在尾部插入一个新元素
// PushBack inserts a new element e with value v at the back of list l and returns e.
func (l *List) PushBack(v any) *Element {
	l.lazyInit()
	return l.insertValue(v, l.root.prev)
}

// InsertBefore 在标记之前插入一个值为 v 的新元素 e 并返回 e
// InsertBefore inserts a new element e with value v immediately before mark and returns e.
// If mark is not an element of l, the list is not modified.
// The mark must not be nil.
func (l *List) InsertBefore(v any, mark *Element) *Element {
	if mark.list != l {
		return nil
	}
	// see comment in List.Remove about initialization of l
	return l.insertValue(v, mark.prev)
}

// InsertBefore 在标记之后插入一个值为 v 的新元素 e 并返回 e
// InsertAfter inserts a new element e with value v immediately after mark and returns e.
// If mark is not an element of l, the list is not modified.
// The mark must not be nil.
func (l *List) InsertAfter(v any, mark *Element) *Element {
	if mark.list != l {
		return nil
	}
	// see comment in List.Remove about initialization of l
	return l.insertValue(v, mark)
}



// MoveToFront moves element e to the front of list l.
// If e is not an element of l, the list is not modified.
// The element must not be nil.
func (l *List) MoveToFront(e *Element) {
	if e.list != l || l.root.next == e {
		return
	}
	// see comment in List.Remove about initialization of l
	l.move(e, &l.root)
}

// MoveToBack moves element e to the back of list l.
// If e is not an element of l, the list is not modified.
// The element must not be nil.
func (l *List) MoveToBack(e *Element) {
	if e.list != l || l.root.prev == e {
		return
	}
	// see comment in List.Remove about initialization of l
	l.move(e, l.root.prev)
}

// 移到某个元素前面
// MoveBefore moves element e to its new position before mark.
// If e or mark is not an element of l, or e == mark, the list is not modified.
// The element and mark must not be nil.
func (l *List) MoveBefore(e, mark *Element) {
	if e.list != l || e == mark || mark.list != l {
		return
	}
	l.move(e, mark.prev)
}

// 移到某个元素后面
// MoveAfter moves element e to its new position after mark.
// If e or mark is not an element of l, or e == mark, the list is not modified.
// The element and mark must not be nil.
func (l *List) MoveAfter(e, mark *Element) {
	if e.list != l || e == mark || mark.list != l {
		return
	}
	l.move(e, mark)
}

// PushBackList 在列表 l 的后面插入另一个列表的副本。
// PushBackList inserts a copy of another list at the back of list l.
// The lists l and other may be the same. They must not be nil.
func (l *List) PushBackList(other *List) {
	l.lazyInit()
	for i, e := other.Len(), other.Front(); i > 0; i, e = i-1, e.Next() {
        // 双向链表，每次都在 l.root前一饿插入，相当于在root尾部依次插入
		l.insertValue(e.Value, l.root.prev)
	}
}


// PushFrontList 在列表 l 的前面插入另一个列表的副本
// PushFrontList inserts a copy of another list at the front of list l.
// The lists l and other may be the same. They must not be nil.
func (l *List) PushFrontList(other *List) {
	l.lazyInit()
	for i, e := other.Len(), other.Back(); i > 0; i, e = i-1, e.Prev() {
		l.insertValue(e.Value, &l.root)
	}
}