目标:
Pad Capabilities 是 GStreamer 的一个基本元素,尽管大多数时候它们是不可见的,因为框架会自动处理它们。这个有点理论的教程显示:
- 什么是Pad Capabilities
- 如何检索它们
- 何时取回它们
- 为什么你需要了解它们
介绍:
pad
如前所述,Pads 允许信息进入和离开元素。Pad的Capabilities(或Caps,简称Caps),然后,指定什么样的信息可以通过 Pad 传播。例如,“分辨率为 320x200 像素和每秒 30 帧的 RGB 视频”,或“每个样本音频 16 位,每秒 44100 个样本的 5.1 通道”,甚至是 mp3 或 h264 等压缩格式。
Pads 可以支持多种 Capabilities(例如,视频接收器可以支持不同类型的 RGB 或 YUV 格式的视频)并且可以将能力指定为范围(例如,音频接收器可以支持每秒 1 到 48000 个样本的采样率) . 但是,从 Pad 到 Pad 传输的实际信息必须只有一种明确指定的类型。通过一个称为协商的过程,两个链接的 Pad 就一个通用类型达成一致,因此 Pad 的 Capabilities 变得固定 (它们只有一种类型并且不包含范围)。下面的示例代码演练应该使这一切变得清晰。
为了将两个元素链接在一起,它们必须共享一个共同的能力子集(否则它们不可能相互理解)。这是 Capabilities 的主要目标。
作为应用程序开发人员,您通常会通过将元素链接在一起来构建管道(如果您使用诸如 之类的全能元素,则在较小程度上playbin
)。在这种情况下,您需要知道元素的Pad Caps(众所周知的),或者至少知道当 GStreamer 拒绝链接两个元素并出现协商错误时它们是什么。
Pad templates
Pads 是从Pad Templates创建的,它表示一个 Pad 可能拥有的所有可能的功能。模板可用于创建多个相似的 Pad,并且还允许提前拒绝元素之间的连接:如果它们的 Pad 模板的 Capabilities 没有公共子集(它们的交集为空),则无需进一步协商。
Pad Templates 可视为协商过程的第一步。随着过程的发展,实际的 Pads 被实例化,它们的 Capabilities 被改进,直到它们被修复(或协商失败)。
请记住,某些元素会查询底层硬件以获取支持的格式并相应地提供它们的 Pad Caps(它们通常在进入 READY 状态或更高状态时执行此操作)。因此,显示的上限可能因平台而异,甚至从一个执行到下一个执行(即使这种情况很少见)。
示例
SINK template: 'sink'
Availability: Always
Capabilities:
audio/x-raw
format: S16LE
rate: [ 1, 2147483647 ]
channels: [ 1, 2 ]
audio/x-raw
format: U8
rate: [ 1, 2147483647 ]
channels: [ 1, 2 ]
这个pad是一个sink,它总是在元件上可用(我们现在不讨论可用性)。它支持两种媒体,都是整数格式 ( audio/x-raw
) 的原始音频:有符号 16 位小端和无符号 8 位。方括号表示一个范围:例如,通道数从 1 到 2 不等。
SRC template: 'src'
Availability: Always
Capabilities:
video/x-raw
width: [ 1, 2147483647 ]
height: [ 1, 2147483647 ]
framerate: [ 0/1, 2147483647/1 ]
format: { I420, NV12, NV21, YV12, YUY2, Y42B, Y444, YUV9, YVU9, Y41B, Y800, Y8, GREY, Y16 , UYVY, YVYU, IYU1, v308, AYUV, A420 }
video/x-raw
表示此源垫输出原始视频。它支持广泛的维度和帧率,以及一组 YUV 格式(花括号表示列表)。所有这些格式表示图像平面的不同打包和子采样。
功能示例
#include <gst/gst.h>
/* Functions below print the Capabilities in a human-friendly format */
static gboolean print_field (GQuark field, const GValue * value, gpointer pfx) {
gchar *str = gst_value_serialize (value); //transform the given value into a string representation
g_print ("%s %15s: %s\n", (gchar *) pfx, g_quark_to_string (field), str);
g_free (str);
return TRUE;
}
static void print_caps (const GstCaps * caps, const gchar * pfx) {
guint i;
g_return_if_fail (caps != NULL);
if (gst_caps_is_any (caps)) { //检测是否caps代表所有的媒体格式
g_print ("%sANY\n", pfx);
return;
}
if (gst_caps_is_empty (caps)) { //检测是否caps代表没有媒体格式
g_print ("%sEMPTY\n", pfx);
return;
}
for (i = 0; i < gst_caps_get_size (caps); i++) { //caps包含的结构的数量
GstStructure *structure = gst_caps_get_structure (caps, i);
g_print ("%s%s\n", pfx, gst_structure_get_name (structure));
gst_structure_foreach (structure, print_field, (gpointer) pfx); //为GstStructure的每个字段都执行print_field函数
}
}
/* Prints information about a Pad Template, including its Capabilities */
static void print_pad_templates_information (GstElementFactory * factory) {
const GList *pads;
GstStaticPadTemplate *padtemplate;
g_print ("Pad Templates for %s:\n", gst_element_factory_get_longname (factory));
if (!gst_element_factory_get_num_pad_templates (factory)) {
g_print (" none\n");
return;
}
pads = gst_element_factory_get_static_pad_templates (factory);
while (pads) {
padtemplate = reinterpret_cast<GstStaticPadTemplate*>(pads->data);
if(padtemplate == nullptr)
{
g_print("pads->data turn to GstStaticPadTemplate pointer failed");
break;
}
pads = g_list_next (pads);
if (padtemplate->direction == GST_PAD_SRC)
g_print (" SRC template: '%s'\n", padtemplate->name_template);
else if (padtemplate->direction == GST_PAD_SINK)
g_print (" SINK template: '%s'\n", padtemplate->name_template);
else
g_print (" UNKNOWN!!! template: '%s'\n", padtemplate->name_template);
if (padtemplate->presence == GST_PAD_ALWAYS)
g_print (" Availability: Always\n");
else if (padtemplate->presence == GST_PAD_SOMETIMES)
g_print (" Availability: Sometimes\n");
else if (padtemplate->presence == GST_PAD_REQUEST)
g_print (" Availability: On request\n");
else
g_print (" Availability: UNKNOWN!!!\n");
if (padtemplate->static_caps.string) {
GstCaps *caps;
g_print (" Capabilities:\n");
caps = gst_static_caps_get (&padtemplate->static_caps);
print_caps (caps, " ");
gst_caps_unref (caps);
}
g_print ("\n");
}
}
static void printPadCapbilities(GstElement* element, gchar* pad_name)
{
GstPad* pad = gst_element_get_static_pad(element, pad_name);
if(!pad)
{
g_printerr("Could not retrieve pad '%s'\n", pad_name);
return;
}
GstCaps* caps = gst_pad_get_current_caps(pad);
if(!caps)
{
caps = gst_pad_query_caps(pad, nullptr);
}
g_print("Caps for the %s pad:\n", pad_name);
print_caps(caps, " ");
gst_caps_unref(caps);
gst_object_unref(pad);
}
/* Shows the CURRENT capabilities of the requested pad in the given element */
static void print_pad_capabilities (GstElement *element, gchar *pad_name) {
GstPad *pad = NULL;
GstCaps *caps = NULL;
/* Retrieve pad */
pad = gst_element_get_static_pad (element, pad_name);
if (!pad) {
g_printerr ("Could not retrieve pad '%s'\n", pad_name);
return;
}
/* Retrieve negotiated caps (or acceptable caps if negotiation is not finished yet) */
caps = gst_pad_get_current_caps (pad);
if (!caps)
caps = gst_pad_query_caps (pad, NULL);
/* Print and free */
g_print ("Caps for the %s pad:\n", pad_name);
print_caps (caps, " ");
gst_caps_unref (caps);
gst_object_unref (pad);
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
GstElement *pipeline, *source, *sink;
GstElementFactory *source_factory, *sink_factory;
GstBus *bus;
GstMessage *msg;
GstStateChangeReturn ret;
gboolean terminate = FALSE;
/* Initialize GStreamer */
gst_init (&argc, &argv);
/* Create the element factories */
source_factory = gst_element_factory_find ("audiotestsrc");
sink_factory = gst_element_factory_find ("autoaudiosink");
if (!source_factory || !sink_factory) {
g_printerr ("Not all element factories could be created.\n");
return -1;
}
/* Print information about the pad templates of these factories */
print_pad_templates_information (source_factory);
print_pad_templates_information (sink_factory);
/* Ask the factories to instantiate actual elements */
source = gst_element_factory_create (source_factory, "source");
sink = gst_element_factory_create (sink_factory, "sink");
/* Create the empty pipeline */
pipeline = gst_pipeline_new ("test-pipeline");
if (!pipeline || !source || !sink) {
g_printerr ("Not all elements could be created.\n");
return -1;
}
/* Build the pipeline */
gst_bin_add_many (GST_BIN (pipeline), source, sink, NULL);
if (gst_element_link (source, sink) != TRUE) {
g_printerr ("Elements could not be linked.\n");
gst_object_unref (pipeline);
return -1;
}
/* Print initial negotiated caps (in NULL state) */
g_print ("In NULL state:\n");
print_pad_capabilities (sink, "sink");
/* Start playing */
ret = gst_element_set_state (pipeline, GST_STATE_PLAYING);
if (ret == GST_STATE_CHANGE_FAILURE) {
g_printerr ("Unable to set the pipeline to the playing state (check the bus for error messages).\n");
}
/* Wait until error, EOS or State Change */
bus = gst_element_get_bus (pipeline);
do {
msg = gst_bus_timed_pop_filtered (bus, GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE, (GstMessageType)(GST_MESSAGE_ERROR | GST_MESSAGE_EOS |
GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED));
/* Parse message */
if (msg != NULL) {
GError *err;
gchar *debug_info;
switch (GST_MESSAGE_TYPE (msg)) {
case GST_MESSAGE_ERROR:
gst_message_parse_error (msg, &err, &debug_info);
g_printerr ("Error received from element %s: %s\n", GST_OBJECT_NAME (msg->src), err->message);
g_printerr ("Debugging information: %s\n", debug_info ? debug_info : "none");
g_clear_error (&err);
g_free (debug_info);
terminate = TRUE;
break;
case GST_MESSAGE_EOS:
g_print ("End-Of-Stream reached.\n");
terminate = TRUE;
break;
case GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED:
/* We are only interested in state-changed messages from the pipeline */
if (GST_MESSAGE_SRC (msg) == GST_OBJECT (pipeline)) {
GstState old_state, new_state, pending_state;
gst_message_parse_state_changed (msg, &old_state, &new_state, &pending_state);
g_print ("\nPipeline state changed from %s to %s:\n",
gst_element_state_get_name (old_state), gst_element_state_get_name (new_state));
/* Print the current capabilities of the sink element */
print_pad_capabilities (sink, "sink");
}
break;
default:
/* We should not reach here because we only asked for ERRORs, EOS and STATE_CHANGED */
g_printerr ("Unexpected message received.\n");
break;
}
gst_message_unref (msg);
}
} while (!terminate);
/* Free resources */
gst_object_unref (bus);
gst_element_set_state (pipeline, GST_STATE_NULL);
gst_object_unref (pipeline);
gst_object_unref (source_factory);
gst_object_unref (sink_factory);
return 0;
}
执行结果:
在NULL状态时:
在非NULL状态时:
NULL状态和非NULL状态下的sink pad结构不同,是因为:在非NULL状态下,元素会查询底层硬件以获取支持的格式并相应地提供它们的 Pad Caps(pad当前协商的caps)。
结论
-
如果两个元素可以链接在一起,那么事先知道 Pad Caps 很重要。
-
根据管道的状态,它们具有不同的含义(最初它们表示所有可能的 Capabilities,后来它们表示 Pad 当前协商的 Caps)。
-
可以使用
gst-inspect-1.0
描述的工具找到 Pad Caps 。