阅读提示:
《C++图像处理》系列以代码清晰,可读性为主,全部使用C++代码。
《Delphi图像处理》系列以效率为侧重点,一般代码为PASCAL,核心代码采用BASM。
尽可能保持二者内容一致,可相互对照。
PCX是一个比较早的图像文件格式,它也有过一段时间的辉煌,但随着计算机硬、软件的发展,该图像格式基本已成过去时,主要是因为早期PCX格式图像是配合当时显卡硬件而设计的,如CGA/EGA/VGA等,现在显然已经过时了,虽然后来的版本增加了对256色和24位真彩色的支持,但仍然因其文件格式的先天不足,导致操作很不方便,如256色图像调色板就是以“补丁”形式追加到文件最后面的,24位真彩色用以前EGA图像卡按行以彩色面形式存放等;另外PCX的RLE编码对6位以下像素格式是比较有效的,对目前8位为主的像素格式压缩也不尽人意,如24位像素格式压缩后,有时比不压缩空间占用还大。
虽然PCX格式图像目前使用不多,但还是有很多软件是支持这种格式的,如Photoshop。在图像处理编程时,偶尔也会遇到这种格式的图像,但不象BMP、JPEG、GIF等图像格式容易找到现存的库函数或组件,所以本文提供了PCX格式图像与GDI+位图的相互转换的代码,本文分上下两篇,上篇将PCX格式图像转换为GDI+位图,下篇将GDI+位图转换为PCX格式图像。下面是转换源码:
typedef struct // pcx文件头
{
BYTE flag; // 标记
BYTE version; // 版本号
BYTE encodeing; // 编码方式
BYTE bitsPrePixel; // 平面像素位数
WORD xMin; // 最小X
WORD yMin; // 最小Y
WORD xMax; // 最大X
WORD yMax; // 最大Y
WORD hRes; // 水平分辨率
WORD vRes; // 垂直分辨率
BYTE palette[48]; // 16色调色板
BYTE reserved; // 保留
BYTE planes; // 平面数
WORD bytesPreLine; // 每行字节数
WORD paletteType; // 调色板类型。1:彩色或黑白,2:灰度
BYTE filler[58];
}PcxFileHeader, *PPcxFileHeader;
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
FORCEINLINE
LPBYTE UnpackPckLine(LPBYTE dest, LPBYTE source, INT bytes)
{
while (bytes > 0)
{
if (*source > 0xc0)
{
INT count = *source ++ & 0x3f;
BYTE c = *source ++;
bytes -= count;
for (; count > 0; *dest ++ = c, count --);
}
else
{
*dest ++ = *source ++;
bytes --;
}
}
return source;
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// 单色或256色
VOID UnpackPck(BitmapData *data, LPBYTE bitsMem, INT bytesPreLine)
{
LPBYTE p = (LPBYTE)data->Scan0;
LPBYTE m = bitsMem;
for (UINT y = 0; y < data->Height; y ++, p += data->Stride)
{
m = UnpackPckLine(p, m, bytesPreLine);
}
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// 16色
VOID UnpackPck4(BitmapData *data, LPBYTE bitsMem, INT bytesPreLine)
{
LPBYTE p = (LPBYTE)data->Scan0;
LPBYTE m = bitsMem;
INT datOffset = data->Stride -
((GetPixelFormatSize(data->PixelFormat) * data->Width + 7) >> 3);
if (data->Width & 1) datOffset ++;
INT bytes1 = bytesPreLine;
INT bytes2 = bytes1 << 1;
INT bytes3 = bytes2 + bytes1;
INT bytes = bytes1 << 2;
LPBYTE buffer = new BYTE[bytes];
for (UINT y = 0; y < data->Height; y ++, p += datOffset)
{
m = UnpackPckLine(buffer, m, bytes);
LPBYTE b = buffer;
BYTE mask = 0x80;
for (UINT x = 0; x < data->Width; x ++)
{
if (*b & mask) *p |= 1;
if (*(b + bytes1) & mask) *p |= 2;
if (*(b + bytes2) & mask) *p |= 4;
if (*(b + bytes3) & mask) *p |= 8;
if (x & 1) p ++;
else *p <<= 4;
mask >>= 1;
if (!mask)
{
mask = 0x80;
b ++;
}
}
}
delete[] buffer;
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// 24位真彩色
VOID UnpackPck24(BitmapData *data, LPBYTE bitsMem, INT bytesPreLine)
{
INT bytes1 = bytesPreLine;
INT bytes2 = bytes1 << 1;
INT bytes = bytes2 + bytes1;
INT width = (INT)data->Width > bytesPreLine? bytesPreLine : data->Width;
INT datOffset = data->Stride - width * 3;
PRGBTriple p = (PRGBTriple)data->Scan0;
LPBYTE m = bitsMem;
LPBYTE buffer = new BYTE[bytes];
for (INT y = 0; y < (INT)data->Height; y ++, (LPBYTE)p += datOffset)
{
m = UnpackPckLine(buffer, m, bytes);
LPBYTE b = buffer;
for (INT x = 0; x < width; x ++, p ++, b ++)
{
p->rgbtRed = *b;
p->rgbtGreen = *(b + bytes1);
p->rgbtBlue = *(b + bytes2);
}
}
delete[] buffer;
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bitmap *UnpackPckImage(LPBYTE imageMem, INT imageBytes)
{
PcxFileHeader *header = (PcxFileHeader*)imageMem;
if (header->flag != 0x0a) return NULL;
PRGBTriple ppal = NULL;
PixelFormat format = PixelFormatUndefined;
if (header->bitsPrePixel == 1)
{
if (header->planes == 4)
{
format = PixelFormat4bppIndexed;
ppal = (PRGBTriple)header->palette;
}
else format = PixelFormat1bppIndexed;
}
else
{
if (header->planes == 3)
format = PixelFormat24bppRGB;
else if (header->planes == 1)
{
ppal = (PRGBTriple)(imageMem + imageBytes - 256 * 3);
if (*((LPBYTE)ppal - 1) == 0x0c)
format = PixelFormat8bppIndexed;
}
}
if (format == PixelFormatUndefined) return NULL;
Bitmap *bmp = new Bitmap(header->xMax - header->xMin + 1,
header->yMax - header->yMin + 1, format);
if (ppal)
{
INT count = 1 << (header->bitsPrePixel * header->planes);
ColorPalette *pal = (ColorPalette*)new BYTE[count * sizeof(ARGB) + sizeof(ColorPalette)];
PRGBQuad pp = (PRGBQuad)pal->Entries;
for (INT i = 0; i < count; i ++)
{
pp[i].rgbBlue = ppal[i].rgbtRed;
pp[i].rgbGreen = ppal[i].rgbtGreen;
pp[i].rgbRed = ppal[i].rgbtBlue;
pp[i].rgbReserved = 255;
}
pal->Flags = 0;
pal->Count = count;
bmp->SetPalette(pal);
delete[] pal;
}
LPBYTE bitsMem = imageMem + sizeof(PcxFileHeader);
BitmapData data;
Gdiplus::Rect r(0, 0, bmp->GetWidth(), bmp->GetHeight());
bmp->LockBits(&r, ImageLockModeRead | ImageLockModeWrite, format, &data);
switch (format)
{
case PixelFormat4bppIndexed:
UnpackPck4(&data, bitsMem, header->bytesPreLine);
break;
case PixelFormat24bppRGB:
UnpackPck24(&data, bitsMem, header->bytesPreLine);
break;
default:
UnpackPck(&data, bitsMem, header->bytesPreLine);
}
bmp->UnlockBits(&data);
return bmp;
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bitmap *LoadPcxImageFromStream(IStream *stream)
{
LARGE_INTEGER move;
ULARGE_INTEGER size;
move.QuadPart = 0;
if (stream->Seek(move, STREAM_SEEK_END, &size) != S_OK)
return NULL;
stream->Seek(move, STREAM_SEEK_SET, NULL);
LPBYTE imageMem = new BYTE[size.LowPart];
Bitmap *bmp = NULL;
if (stream->Read(imageMem, size.LowPart, NULL) == S_OK)
bmp = UnpackPckImage(imageMem, size.LowPart);
delete[] imageMem;
return bmp;
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
上面代码中,UnpackPckImage函数是核心代码,负责对PCX格式图像内存映像进行解析并转换。现在版本的PCX格式图像主要是单色、16色、256色和24位真彩色,本文代码能准确的解析这几种图像。但有时也可能有些不规范图像,如16色图像,规范的格式应该是像素位数bitsPrePixel=1,像素平面planes=4,同时调色板数据在文件头的palette中,这是从EGA显示卡遗留下来的格式,但如bitsPrePixel=4,像素平面planes=1的格式描述,也同样是16色格式,而且是符合现代16色格式的,我用Photoshop对这种格式描述做过实验,但会显示文件不完整的错误,既然是“不完整”而不是非法错误,证明这种16色格式描述也应该是正确的,因此我尝试将调色板从文件头移到文件尾,结果Photoshop果然将图像读出来了,但只显示了一半的宽度,由此,我得知这是Photoshop的容错读取,即它忽略了bitsPrePixel=4这个描述,而是把它当256色图像处理的,事实上,在Photoshop中是没法正确保存16色图像的,它总是将16色用256色方式保存的,我在UnpackPckImage函数中也采用了这种容错方式,只要图像尾部有调色板,就可以当256色处理;只要planes=3,就当24位真彩色读取,而不再管其它描述。
LoadPcxImageFromStream函数只是简单的从流读取PCX格式图像到内存映像而已,之所以选择从流读取,主要是考虑通用性。为了能从文件读取PCX图像,我也写了一个不完整的文件流类,只需要前面6个接口函数能用就行了(事实上,只要Read、Write和Seek3个函数能用即可)。下面是这个文件流类和LoadPcxImageFromFile函数代码:
class FileStream : public IStream
{
HANDLE handle;
INT refCount;
public:
HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE QueryInterface(REFIID riid, VOID **ppvObject)
{
if (lstrcmp((LPTSTR)&riid, (LPTSTR)&IID_IStream) == 0 ||
lstrcmp((LPTSTR)&riid, (LPTSTR)&IID_IUnknown) == 0)
{
*ppvObject = this;
AddRef();
return S_OK;
}
*ppvObject = NULL;
return E_NOINTERFACE;
}
ULONG STDMETHODCALLTYPE AddRef(VOID)
{
refCount ++;
return refCount;
}
ULONG STDMETHODCALLTYPE Release(VOID)
{
if (refCount > 0) -- refCount;
if (refCount == 0) delete this;
return refCount;
}
HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE Read(VOID *pv, ULONG cb, ULONG *pcbRead)
{
ULONG readBytes;
if (ReadFile(handle, pv, cb, &readBytes, NULL))
{
if (pcbRead) *pcbRead = readBytes;
return S_OK;
}
return E_FAIL;
}
HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE Write(CONST VOID *pv, ULONG cb, ULONG *pcbWritten)
{
ULONG writeBytes;
if (WriteFile(handle, pv, cb, &writeBytes, NULL))
{
if (pcbWritten) *pcbWritten = writeBytes;
return S_OK;
}
return E_FAIL;
}
HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE Seek(LARGE_INTEGER dlibMove, DWORD dwOrigin, ULARGE_INTEGER *plibNewPosition)
{
ULARGE_INTEGER pos;
dlibMove.LowPart = SetFilePointer(handle, dlibMove.LowPart, &dlibMove.HighPart, dwOrigin);
if (plibNewPosition)
plibNewPosition->QuadPart = dlibMove.QuadPart;
return dlibMove.QuadPart == -1? E_FAIL : S_OK;
}
HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE SetSize(ULARGE_INTEGER libNewSize)
{
return Seek(*(LARGE_INTEGER*)&libNewSize, STREAM_SEEK_END, NULL);
}
HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE CopyTo(IStream *pstm, ULARGE_INTEGER cb, ULARGE_INTEGER *pcbRead, ULARGE_INTEGER *pcbWritten)
{
return S_OK;
}
HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE Commit(DWORD grfCommitFlags)
{
return S_OK;
}
HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE Revert(VOID)
{
return STG_E_REVERTED;
}
HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE LockRegion(ULARGE_INTEGER libOffset, ULARGE_INTEGER cb, DWORD dwLockType)
{
return STG_E_INVALIDFUNCTION;
}
HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE UnlockRegion(ULARGE_INTEGER libOffset, ULARGE_INTEGER cb, DWORD dwLockType)
{
return STG_E_INVALIDFUNCTION;
}
HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE Stat(STATSTG *pstatstg, DWORD grfStatFlag)
{
return S_OK;
}
HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE Clone(IStream **ppstm)
{
return E_NOTIMPL;
}
public:
FileStream(VOID) : refCount(0), handle((HANDLE)(-1)) {}
FileStream(LPTSTR fileName, BOOL isRead) : refCount(0)
{
handle = CreateFile(fileName, GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE, NULL,
isRead? OPEN_EXISTING : CREATE_ALWAYS, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
}
~FileStream(VOID)
{
if (handle != (HANDLE)(-1))
CloseHandle(handle);
}
};
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bitmap *LoadPcxImageFromFile(LPTSTR fileName)
{
IStream *stream = new FileStream(fileName, TRUE);
stream->AddRef();
Bitmap *bmp = LoadPcxImageFromStream(stream);
stream->Release();
return bmp;
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
下面是个从文件读取并显示的例子代码(BCB2010):
void __fastcall TForm1::Button2Click(TObject *Sender)
{
Bitmap *bmp;
if ((bmp = LoadPcxImageFromFile("d:\\1-1-8.pcx")) == NULL)
throw new Exception("Load Image fail");
Gdiplus::Graphics *g = new Gdiplus::Graphics(Canvas->Handle);
g->DrawImage(bmp, 0, 0);
delete g;
delete bmp;
}
本文没有对PCX文件格式进行详细讲解,主要原因是这些网上可以搜索得到,虽然并不完全可靠,但参考一下是可行的,而且,我自己也没法比网上讲的更透彻了,毕竟,PCX格式图像太“古老”了,古老的我想找几个以前版本的文件做实验都没法找到,只好靠Photoshop保存,或者自己写这种格式文件。
因水平有限,错误在所难免,欢迎指正和指导。邮箱地址:maozefa@hotmail.com
这里可访问《C++图像处理 -- 文章索引》。