https://github.com/iBotPeaches/Apktool
Introduction
Basic
First lets take a lesson into apk files. apks are nothing more than a zip file containing
resources and compiled java. If you were to simply unzip an apk like so, you would be left with files such as classes.dex and
resources.arsc.
$ unzip testapp.apk
Archive: testapp.apk
inflating: AndroidManifest.xml
inflating: classes.dex
extracting: res/drawable-hdpi/ic_launcher.png
inflating: res/xml/literals.xml
inflating: res/xml/references.xml
extracting:
resources.arsc
However, at this point you have simply inflated compiled sources. If you tried to view AndroidManifest.xml. You'd be left viewing this.
P4F0\fnversionCodeversionNameandroid*http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/androidpackageplatformBuildVersionCodeplatformBuildVersionNamemanifestbrut.apktool.testapp1.021APKTOOL
Obviously, editing or viewing a compiled file is next to impossible. That is where Apktool comes into play.
$ apktool d testapp.apk
I: Using Apktool 2.0.0 on testapp.apk
I: Loading resource table...
I: Decoding AndroidManifest.xml with
resources...
I: Loading resource table from file: 1.apk
I: Regular manifest package...
I: Decoding file-
resources...
I: Decoding values */* XMLs...
I: Baksmaling classes.dex...
I: Copying assets and libs...
$
Viewing AndroidManifest.xml again results in something much more human readable
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="https://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" package="brut.apktool.testapp" platformBuildVersionCode="21" platformBuildVersionName="APKTOOL"/>
In addition to XMLs,
resources such as 9 patch images, layouts, strings and much more are correctly decoded to source form.
Decoding
The decode option on Apktool can be invoked either from d or decode like shown below.
$ apktool d foo.jar
// decodes foo.jar to foo.jar.out folder
$ apktool decode foo.jar
// decodes foo.jar to foo.jar.out folder
$ apktool d bar.apk
// decodes bar.apk to bar folder
$ apktool decode bar.apk
// decodes bar.apk to bar folder
$ apktool d bar.apk -o baz
// decodes bar.apk to baz folder
Building
The build option can be invoked either from b or build like shown below
$ apktool b foo.jar.out
// builds foo.jar.out folder into foo.jar.out/dist/foo.jar file
$ apktool build foo.jar.out
// builds foo.jar.out folder into foo.jar.out/dist/foo.jar file
$ apktool b bar
// builds bar folder into bar/dist/bar.apk file
$ apktool b .
// builds current directory into ./dist
$ apktool b bar -o new_bar.apk
// builds bar folder into new_bar.apk
$ apktool b bar.apk
// WRONG: brut.androlib.AndrolibException: brut.directory.PathNotExist: apktool.yml
// Must use folder, not apk/jar file
InfoIn order to run a rebuilt application. You must resign the application. Android documentation can help with this.
Frameworks
Frameworks can be installed either from if or install-framework, in addition two parameters
-p, --frame-path <dir> - Store framework files into <dir>
-t, --tag <tag> - Tag frameworks using <tag>
Allow for a finer control over how the files are named and how they are stored.
$ apktool if framework-res.apk
I: Framework installed to: 1.apk
// pkgId of framework-res.apk determines number (which is 0x01)
$ apktool if com.htc.
resources.apk
I: Framework installed to: 2.apk
// pkgId of com.htc.
resources is 0x02
$ apktool if com.htc.
resources.apk -t htc
I: Framework installed to: 2-htc.apk
// pkgId-tag.apk
$ apktool if framework-res.apk -p foo/bar
I: Framework installed to: foo/bar/1.apk
$ apktool if framework-res.apk -t baz -p foo/bar
I: Framework installed to: foo/bar/1-baz.apk
Migration Instructions
v2.1.1 -> v2.2.0
Run the following commands to migrate your framework directory
Apktool will work fine without running these commands, this will just cleanup abandoned files
unix -
mkdir -p ~/.local/share; mv ~/apktool ~/.local/share
windows -
move %USERPROFILE%\apktool %USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local
v2.0.1 -> v2.0.2
Update apktool to v2.0.2
Remove framework file $HOME/apktool/framework/1.apk due to internal API update (Android Marshmallow)
v1.5.x -> v2.0.0
Java 1.7 is required
Update apktool to v2.0.0
aapt is now included inside the apktool binary. It's not required to maintain your own aapt install under $PATH. (However, features like -a / --aapt are still used and can override the internal aapt)
The addition of aapt replaces the need for separate aapt download packages. Helper Scripts may be found here
Remove framework $HOME/apktool/framework/1.apk
Eagle eyed users will notice
resources are now decoded before sources now. This is because we need to know the API version via the manifest for decoding the sources
Parameter Changes
Smali/baksmali 2.0 are included. This is a big change from 1.4.2. Please read the smali updates here for more information
-o / --output is now used for the output of apk/directory
-t / --tag is required for tagging framework files
-advance / --advanced will launch advance parameters and information on the usage output
-m / --match-original is a new feature for apk analysis. This retains the apk is nearly original format, but will make rebuild more than likely not work due to ignoring the changes that newer aapt requires
After [d]ecode, there will be new folders (original / unknown) in the decoded apk folder
original = META-INF folder / AndroidManifest.xml, which are needed to retain the signature of apks to prevent needing to resign. Used with -c / --copy-original on [b]uild
unknown = Files / folders that are not part of the standard AOSP build procedure. These files will be injected back into the rebuilt APK.
apktool.yml collects more information than last version
SdkInfo - Used to repopulate the sdk information in AndroidManifest.xml since newer aapt requires version information to be passed via parameter
packageInfo - Used to help support Android 4.2 renamed manifest feature. Automatically detects differences between resource and manifest and performs automatic --rename-manifest-package on [b]uild
versionInfo - Used to repopulate the version information in AndroidManifest.xml since newer aapt requires version information to be passed via parameter
compressionType - Used to determine the compression that
resources.arsc had on the original apk in order to replicate during [b]uild
unknownFiles - Used to record name/location of non-standard files in an apk in order to place correctly on rebuilt apk
sharedLibrary - Used to help support Android 5 shared library feature by automatically detecting shared libraries and using --shared-lib on [b]uild
Examples of new usage in 2.0 vs 1.5.x
Old (Apktool 1.5.x) New (Apktool 2.0.x)
apktool if framework-res.apk tag apktool if framework-res.apk -t tag
apktool d framework-res.apk output apktool d framework.res.apk -o output
apktool b output new.apk apktool b output -o new.apk
v1.4.x -> v1.5.1
Update apktool to v1.5.1
Update aapt manually or use package r05-ibot via downloading Mac, Windows or Linux
Remove framework file $HOME/apktool/framework/1.apk
Intermediate
Framework Files
As you probably know, Android apps utilize code and
resources that are found on the Android OS itself. These are known as framework
resources and Apktool relies on these to properly decode and build apks.
Every Apktool release contains internally the most up to date AOSP framework at the time of the release. This allows you to decode and build most apks without a problem. However, manufacturers add their own framework files in addition to the regular AOSP ones. To use apktool against these manufacturer apks you must first install the manufacturer framework files.
Example
Lets say you want to decode HtcContacts.apk from an HTC device. If you try you will get an error message.
$ apktool d HtcContacts.apk
I: Loading resource table...
I: Decoding
resources...
I: Loading resource table from file: 1.apk
W: Could not decode attr value, using undecoded value instead: ns=android, name=drawable
W: Could not decode attr value, using undecoded value instead: ns=android, name=icon
Can't find framework
resources for package of id: 2. You must install proper framework files, see project website for more info.
We must get HTC framework
resources before decoding this apk. We pull com.htc.
resources.apk from our device and install it
$ apktool if com.htc.
resources.apk
I: Framework installed to: 2.apk
Now we will try this decode again.
$ apktool d HtcContacts.apk
I: Loading resource table...
I: Decoding
resources...
I: Loading resource table from file: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/1.apk
I: Loading resource table from file: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/2.apk
I: Copying assets and libs...
As you can see. Apktool leveraged both 1.apk and 2.apk framework files in order to properly decode this application.
Finding Frameworks
For the most part any apk in /system/framework on a device will be a framework file. On some devices they might reside in /data/system-framework and even cleverly hidden in /system/app or /system/priv-app. They are usually named with the naming of "
resources", "res" or "framework".
Example HTC has a framework called com.htc.
resources.apk, LG has one called lge-res.apk
After you find a framework file you could pull it via adb pull /path/to/file or use a file manager application. After you have the file locally, pay attention to how Apktool installs it. The number that the framework is named during install corresponds to the pkgId of the application. These values should range from 1 to 9. Any APK that installs itself as 127 is 0x7F which is an internal pkgId.
Internal Frameworks
Apktool comes with an internal framework like mentioned above. This file is copied to $HOME/apktool/framework/1.apk during use.
Warning Apktool has no knowledge of what version of framework resides there. It will assume its up to date, so delete the file during Apktool upgrades
Managing framework files
Frameworks are stored in $HOME/apktool/framework for Windows and Unix systems. Mac OS X has a slightly different folder location of $HOME/Library/apktool/framework. If these directories are not available it will default to java.io.tmpdir which is usually /tmp. This is a volatile directory so it would make sense to take advantage of the parameter --frame-path to select an alternative folder for framework files.
Note Apktool has no control over the frameworks once installed, but you are free to manage these files on your own.
Tagging framework files
Frameworks are stored in the naming convention of: <id>-<tag>.apk. They are identified by pkgId and optionally custom tag. Usually tagging frameworks isn't necessary, but if you work on apps from many different devices and they have incompatible frameworks, you will need some way to easily switch between them. You could tag frameworks by:
$ apktool if com.htc.
resources.apk -t hero
I: Framework installed to: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/2-hero.apk
$ apktool if com.htc.
resources.apk -t desire
I: Framework installed to: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/2-desire.apk
Then:
$ apktool d HtcContacts.apk -t hero
I: Loading resource table...
I: Decoding
resources...
I: Loading resource table from file: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/1.apk
I: Loading resource table from file: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/2-hero.apk
I: Copying assets and libs...
$ apktool d HtcContacts.apk -t desire
I: Loading resource table...
I: Decoding
resources...
I: Loading resource table from file: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/1.apk
I: Loading resource table from file: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/2-desire.apk
I: Copying assets and libs...
You don't have to select a tag when building apk - apktool automatically uses the same tag, as when decoding.
Smali Debugging
Warning SmaliDebugging has been marked as deprecated in 2.0.3, and removed in 2.1. Please check SmaliIdea for a debugger.
Apktool makes possible to debug smali code step by step, watch variables, set breakpoints, etc.
General information
Generally we need several things to run Java debugging session:
debugger server (usually Java VM)
debugger client (usually IDE like IntelliJ, Eclipse or Netbeans)
client must have sources of debugged application
server must have binaries compiled with debugging symbols referencing these sources
sources must be java files with at least package and class definitions, to properly connect them with debugging symbols
In our particular situation we have:
server: Monitor (Previously DDMS), part of Android SDK, standard for debugging Android applications - explained here
client: any JPDA client - most of decent IDEs have support for this protocol.
sources: smali code modified by apktool to satisfy above requirements (".java" extension, class declaration, etc.). Apktool modifies them when decoding apk in debug mode.
binaries: when building apk in debug mode, apktool removes original symbols and adds new, which are referencing smali code (line numbers, registers/variables, etc.)
Info To successfully run debug sessions, the apk must be both decoded and built in debug mode. Decoding with debug decodes the application differently to allow the debug rebuild option to inject lines allowing the debugger to identify variables and types.-d / --debug
General instructions
Above information is enough to debug smali code using apktool, but if you aren't familiar with DDMS and Java debugging, then you probably still don't know how to do it. Below are simple instructions for doing it using IntelliJ or Netbeans.
Decode apk in debug mode: $ apktool d -d -o out app.apk
Build new apk in debug mode: $ apktool b -d out
Sign, install and run new apk.
Follow sub-instructions below depending on IDE.
IntelliJ (Android Studio) instructions
In IntelliJ add new Java Module Project selecting the "out" directory as project location and the "smali" subdirectory as content root dir.
Run Monitor (Android SDK /tools folder), find your application on a list and click it. Note port information in last column - it should be something like "86xx / 8700".
In IntelliJ: Debug -> Edit Configurations. Since this is a new project, you will have to create a Debugger.
Create a Remote Debugger, with the settings on "Attach" and setting the Port to 8700 (Or whatever Monitor said). The rest of fields should be ok, click "Ok".
Start the debugging session. You will see some info in a log and debugging buttons will show up in top panel.
Set breakpoint. You must select line with some instruction, you can't set breakpoint on lines starting with ".", ":" or "#".
Trigger some action in application. If you run at breakpoint, then thread should stop and you will be able to debug step by step, watch variables, etc.
Netbeans instructions
In Netbeans add new Java Project with Existing Sources, select "out" directory as project root and "smali" subdirectory as sources dir.
Run DDMS, find your application on a list and click it. Note port information in last column - it should be something like "86xx / 8700".
In Netbeans: Debug -> Attach Debugger -> select JPDA and set Port to 8700 (or whatever you saw in previous step). Rest of fields should be ok, click "Ok".
Debugging session should start: you will see some info in a log and debugging buttons will show up in top panel.
Set breakpoint. You must select line with some instruction, you can't set breakpoint on lines starting with ".", ":" or "#".
Trigger some action in application. If you run at breakpoint, then thread should stop and you will be able to debug step by step, watch variables, etc.
Limitations/Issues
Because IDE doesn't have full sources, it doesn't know about class members and such.
Variables watching works because most of data could be read from memory (objects in Java know about their types), but if for example, you watch an object and it has some nulled member, then you won't see, what type this member is.
9Patch Images
Docs exist for the mysterious 9patch images here and there. (Read these first). These docs though are meant for developers and lack information for those who work with already compiled 3rd party applications. There you can find information how to create them, but no information about how they actually work.
I will try and explain it here. The official docs miss one point that 9patch images come in two forms: source & compiled.
source - You know this one. You find it in the source of an application or freely available online. These are images with a black border around them.
compiled - The mysterious form found in apk files. There are no borders and the 9patch data is written into a binary chunk called npTc. You can't see or modify it easily, but Android OS can as its quicker to read.
There are problems related to the above two points.
You can't move 9patch images between both types without a conversion. If you try and unpack 9patch images from an apk and use it in the source of another, you will get errors during build. Also vice versa, you cannot take source 9patch images directly into an apk.
9patch binary chunk isn't recognized by modern image processing tools. So modifying the compiled image will more than likely break the npTc chunk, thus breaking the image on the device.
The only solution to this problem is to easily convert between these two types. The encoder (which takes source to compiled) is built into the aapt tool and is automatically used during build. This means we only need to build a decoder which has been in apktool since v1.3.0 and is automatically ran on all 9patch images during decode.
So if you want to modify 9patch images, don't do it directly. Use apktool to decode the application (including the 9patch images) and then modify the images. At that point when you build the application back, the source 9patch images will be compiled.
Other
FAQ
What about the -j switch shown from the original YouTube videos?
Read Issue 199. In short - it doesn't exist.
Is it possible to run apktool on a device?
Sadly not. There are some incompatibilities with SnakeYAML, java.nio and aapt
Where can I download sources of apktool?
From our Github or Bitbucket project.
Resulting apk file is much smaller than original! Is there something missing?
There are a couple of reasons that might cause this.
Apktool builds unsigned apks. This means an entire directory META-INF is missing.
New aapt binary. Newer versions of apktool contain a newer aapt which optimizes images differently.
These points might have contributed to a smaller than normal apk
There is no META-INF dir in resulting apk. Is this ok?
Yes. META-INF contains apk signatures. After modifying the apk it is no longer signed. You can use -c / --copy-original to retain these signatures. However, using -c uses the original AndroidManifest.xml file, so changes to it will be lost.
What do you call "magic apks"?
For some reason there are apks that are built using modified build tools. These apks don't work on a regular AOSP Android build, but usually are accompanied by a modified system that can read these modified apks. Apktool cannot handle these apks, therefore they are "magic".
Could I integrate apktool into my own tool? Could I modify apktool sources? Do I have to credit you?
Actually the Apache License, which apktool uses, answers all these questions. Yes you can redistribute and/or modify apktool without my permission. However, if you do it would be nice to add our contributors (brut.all, iBotPeaches and JesusFreke) into your credits but it's not required.
Where does apktool store its framework files?
unix -
$HOME/.local/share/apktool
mac -
$HOME/Library/apktool
windows -
$HOME/AppData/Local/apktool
Options
Utility
Options that can be executed at any time.
-version, --version
Outputs current version. (Ex: 1.5.2)
-v, --verbose
Verbose output. Must be first parameter
-q, --quiet
Quiet output. Must be first parameter
-advance, --advanced
Advance usage output
Decode
These are all the options when decoding an apk.
--api <API>
The numeric api-level of the smali files to generate (defaults to targetSdkVersion)
-b, --no-debug-info
Prevents baksmali from writing out debug info (.local, .param, .line, etc). Preferred to use if you are comparing smali from the same APK of different versions. The line numbers and debug will change among versions, which can make DIFF reports a pain.
-f, --force
Force delete destination directory. Use when trying to decode to a folder that already exists
--keep-broken-res - Advanced
If there is an error like "Invalid Config Flags Detected. Dropping
Resources...". This means that APK has a different structure then Apktool can handle. This might be a newer Android version or a random APK that doesn't match standards. Running this will allow the decode, but then you have to manually fix the folders with -ERR in them.
-m, --match-original - Used for analysis
Matches files closest as possible to original, but prevents rebuild.
-o, --output <DIR>
The name of the folder that apk gets written to
-p, --frame-path <DIR>
The folder location where framework files should be stored/read from
-r, --no-res
This will prevent the decompile of
resources. This keeps the
resources.arsc intact without any decode. If only editing Java (smali) then this is the recommend for faster decompile & rebuild
-s, --no-src
This will prevent the disassemble of the dex files. This keeps the apk classes.dex file and simply moves it during build. If your only editing the
resources. This is recommended for faster decompile & rebuild
-t, --frame-tag <TAG>
Uses framework files tagged via <TAG>
Rebuild
These are all the options when building an apk.
-a, --aapt <FILE>
Loads aapt from the specified file location, instead of relying on path. Falls back to $PATH loading, if no file found
-c, --copy-original - Will still require signature resign post API18
Copies original AndroidManifest.xml and META-INF folder into built apk
-d, --debug
Adds debuggable="true" to AndroidManifest file.
-f, --force-all
Overwrites existing files during build, reassembling the
resources.arsc file and classes.dex file
-o, --output <FILE>
The name and location of the apk that gets written
-p, --frame-path <DIR>
The location where framework files are loaded from
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