collections.ChainMap对象

例子：

from collections import ChainMap

combined = ChainMap({"a": "A"}, {"b": "B"}, {"c": "C"}, {"d": "D"})

# 访问元素

element_a = combined["a"]

# 增删，修改只对第一个dict有用

# 增加元素

combined["big_a"] = "big_A"      #  combined = ChainMap({'a': 'A', 'big_a': 'big_A'}, {'b': 'B'}, {'c': 'C'}, {'d': 'D'})

combined["b"] = "big_B"   #  ChainMap({'a': 'A', 'big_a': 'big_A', 'b': 'big_B'}, {'b': 'B'}, {'c': 'C'}, {'d': 'D'})

# 删除元素

del combined["b"]   # ChainMap({'a': 'A', 'big_a': 'big_A'}, {'b': 'B'}, {'c': 'C'}, {'d': 'D'})

# new_child()，用一个空dict插到第一个dict前面后构成的ChainMap

to_child = combined.new_child()      # to_child = ChainMap({}, {'a': 'A', 'big_a': 'big_A'}, {'b': 'B'}, {'c': 'C'}, {'d': 'D'})

# parents，除去第一个dict后构成的ChainMap

to_parents = combined.parents       # to_parents = ChainMap({'b': 'B'}, {'c': 'C'}, {'d': 'D'})

# maps，得到成员dict的列表

to_maps = combined.maps              # to_maps = [{'a': 'A', 'big_a': 'big_A'}, {'b': 'B'}, {'c': 'C'}, {'d': 'D'}]

# 有重复keys时访问元素，在前面的才是最终会被访问的

com_repeat = ChainMap({"a": "A",  "d": "good_D"}, {"b": "B"}, {"c": "C"}, {"d": "D"})

element_d = com_repeat["d"]           # element_d = "good_D"

# 注意，构成ChainMap是使用dict的引用，因而原来的dict改变，会导致ChainMap对象跟着改变

dict1, dict2, dict3, dict4 = {"a": "A",  "d": "good_D"}, {"b": "B"}, {"c": "C"}, {"d": "D"}

com_new = ChainMap(dict1, dict2, dict3, dict4)

dict4["d"] = "big_D"                          # com_new = ChainMap({'a': 'A', 'd': 'good_D'}, {'b': 'B'}, {'c': 'C'}, {'d': 'big_D'})