Schematic Symbols for Circuit Design

Passive Components

https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-articles/schematic-symbols-electronic-components-passives-resistors-capacitors/

==> a well loaded article with most passive unit electrical components and follow up links on details of the represented components.

Logic Gates and Flip-Flops

from https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/reference/chpt-9/integrated-circuits/

Latches and Flip-Flops 

https://www.ee.ucl.ac.uk/~ademosth/E757/Topic2.pdf

SR Latch with Control and D Latch

D, JK and T Flip-Flop and D Flip-Flop with Asynchronous Reset

 D flip-flop conceptual diagram

efficient positive edge D flip-flop implementation with SR latch

JK Flip-Flop

T Flip-Flop (not included in the main article's list of symbols, so note here)

D Flip-Flop with Asynchronous Reset (not included in list above) 

Setup and Hold Time

the above slides does not sufficiently elaborate on these two quantities, see:

Setup and Hold Time_EverNoob的博客-CSDN博客

Extension

a short comparison provided by GeeksforGeeks: 

Difference between Flip-flop and Latch - GeeksforGeeks

Inverter and Buffer

Combinational Logic: Inverters and Buffers

as the schematics suggests, an inverter is Buffer + Not

==> Buffers are used to increase "drive capability in order to increase the number of fanouts or the signal speed."

Transistors

https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-articles/schematic-symbols-for-electronic-components-transistors/

see Power Supply Nomenclature_EverNoob的博客-CSDN博客

for how power supplies are named and labeled for each of these schematic representations

Symbols for Bipolar Junction Transistors

• What Is a BJT?

Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) consist of three layers of semiconductor material. These can be arranged as either NPN or PNP transistor and the circuit symbol (as well as the functionality) changes according to the layer arrangement:

Bipolar junction transistors

The horizontal ("vertical" ?) terminal is called the base, the diagonal terminal without an arrow is the collector, and the diagonal terminal with an arrow is the emitter (of electrons)==> it's clearly not directional.

Symbols for MOSFETs

• What Is a MOSFET?

BJTs are still used, but the transistor scene is currently dominated by MOSFETs. These are field-effect transistors (FETs) that have an insulating layer between a conductive control terminal (called the gate) and the semiconductor structure that connects the other two terminals (called the source and the drain).

The “MOS” stands for “metal oxide semiconductor” but unfortunately this is now inaccurate since the gate of a typical MOSFET is made from polysilicon instead of metal.

There is a more accurate term for these devices, however: IGFET, which stands for insulated-gate field-effect transistor. In my experience, though, this name is almost never used.

NMOS vs PMOS

Like BJTs, MOSFETs fit into two broad categories: N-channel or P-channel. A convenient way to discuss MOSFETs is to call an N-channel device an NMOS and a P-channel device a PMOS.

MOSFETs, Version 1. The terminal on the left is the gate, the arrow identifies the source (of electrons), and the remaining terminal is the drain.

The physical structure of a MOSFET results in a fourth terminal called the body. In most situations, the body terminal can be ignored, because its effect is negligible.

The Version 1 symbols above reflect the fact that the body terminal is usually not relevant to circuit operation. However, in cases where the body connection is important, we have these symbols:   

MOSFETs, Version 2. The body terminal is included between the source and drain.

If for some reason you don’t like the Version 1 symbols, you’re in luck:

MOSFETs, Version 3.

In this case, you don’t have an arrow that distinguishes source from drain. In the Version 3 symbols, the source is the terminal that has a connection to the body terminal. This is easy to remember if you happen to know that in real circuits the body of a FET is often shorted to the source.

If you switch back and forth between Version 1 and Version 3, be careful with the arrows. In Version 1, an arrow pointing toward the gate indicates a PMOS; in Version 3, an arrow pointing toward the gate indicates an NMOS.

MOSFET-symbol aficionados will be glad to know that there is yet another way to represent these components. When we’re analyzing or designing CMOS circuits, we often think of MOSFETs as voltage-controlled on/off switches, without any specific reference to source and drain terminals. In this context, the only difference between an NMOS and a PMOS is that the PMOS is activated by a logic-low voltage and the NMOS is activated by a logic-high voltage.

Thus, we can use the following simplified symbols:

MOSFETs, Version 4. The circle, which indicates “active-low” input behavior, distinguishes PMOS from NMOS.

Other Types of Transistors

IGBTs

• What Is an IGBT?

The IGBT (insulated-gate bipolar transistor) incorporates MOSFET properties and BJT properties into a single device. It is used primarily in switching applications.

The symbol shown below seems to be the more common version; if you want to see the alternative representation, refer to the AAC textbook page on IGBTs.

N-channel IGBT. Note how the vertical empty space indicates that the gate terminal is insulated from the rest of the device.

JFETs

• What Is a JFET?

A JFET (junction field-effect transistor) is like a MOSFET, but the gate is not insulated. Nowadays these devices are rare. If you know of a modern application in which JFETs are the preferred type of transistor, let us know in the comments.

JFETs

Darlington Pairs

A Darlington pair combines two BJTs such that the emitter current of the first becomes the base current of the second. The result is very high current gain.

NPN Darlington pair

A Darlington pair is considered an extension of the concept of a common-collector amplifier.

High Level Component

Electronic Logic Circuits and Programming Symbols