python 之expenduser,dataframe.apply,np.fromstring

1)对于expenduser的说明：

参考链接：https://www.cnblogs.com/dkblog/archive/2011/03/25/1995537.html

os.path.abspath(path) #返回绝对路径

os.path.basename(path) #返回文件名

os.path.commonprefix(list) #返回list(多个路径)中，所有path共有的最长的路径。

os.path.dirname(path) #返回文件路径

os.path.exists(path)  #路径存在则返回True,路径损坏返回False

os.path.lexists  #路径存在则返回True,路径损坏也返回True

os.path.expanduser(path)  #把path中包含的"~"和"~user"转换成用户目录

os.path.expandvars(path)  #根据环境变量的值替换path中包含的”$name”和”${name}”

os.path.getatime(path)  #返回最后一次进入此path的时间。

os.path.getmtime(path)  #返回在此path下最后一次修改的时间。

os.path.getctime(path)  #返回path的大小

os.path.getsize(path)  #返回文件大小，如果文件不存在就返回错误

os.path.isabs(path)  #判断是否为绝对路径

os.path.isfile(path)  #判断路径是否为文件

os.path.isdir(path)  #判断路径是否为目录

os.path.islink(path)  #判断路径是否为链接

os.path.ismount(path)  #判断路径是否为挂载点（）

os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]])  #把目录和文件名合成一个路径

os.path.normcase(path)  #转换path的大小写和斜杠

os.path.normpath(path)  #规范path字符串形式

os.path.realpath(path)  #返回path的真实路径

os.path.relpath(path[, start])  #从start开始计算相对路径

os.path.samefile(path1, path2)  #判断目录或文件是否相同

os.path.sameopenfile(fp1, fp2)  #判断fp1和fp2是否指向同一文件

os.path.samestat(stat1, stat2)  #判断stat tuple stat1和stat2是否指向同一个文件

os.path.split(path)  #把路径分割成dirname和basename，返回一个元组

os.path.splitdrive(path)   #一般用在windows下，返回驱动器名和路径组成的元组

os.path.splitext(path)  #分割路径，返回路径名和文件扩展名的元组

os.path.splitunc(path)  #把路径分割为加载点与文件

os.path.walk(path, visit, arg)  #遍历path，进入每个目录都调用visit函数，visit函数必须有

3个参数(arg, dirname, names)，dirname表示当前目录的目录名，names代表当前目录下的所有

文件名，args则为walk的第三个参数

os.path.supports_unicode_filenames  #设置是否支持unicode路径名

2）dataframe.apply的说明：

参考链接：

http://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/generated/pandas.DataFrame.apply.html

 在这里，apply（）当中的参数是lambda×（匿名函数）输入参数是：img,输出参数是：np.fromstring(img,sep=' ')



  
  
Parameters:
func
 : function
      
      

       
       
 
        
Function to apply to each column/row
 
       
      
      
axis : {0 or ‘index’, 1 or ‘columns’}, default 0
      
      

       
       
 
        
0 or ‘index’: apply function to each column
1 or ‘columns’: apply function to each row
 
       
      
      
broadcast : boolean, default False
      
      

       
       
 
        
For aggregation functions, return object of same size with valuespropagated
 
       
      
      
raw : boolean, default False
      
      

       
       
 
        
If False, convert each row or column into a Series. If raw=True thepassed function will receive ndarray objects instead. If you arejust applying a NumPy reduction function this will achieve muchbetter performance
 
       
      
      
reduce
 : boolean or None, default None
      
      

       
       
 
        
Try to apply reduction procedures. If the DataFrame is empty,apply will use reduce to determine whether the result should be aSeries or a DataFrame. If reduce is None (the default), apply’sreturn value will be guessed by calling func an empty Series (note:while guessing, exceptions raised by func will be ignored). Ifreduce is True a Series will always be returned, and if False aDataFrame will always be returned.
 
       
      
      
args
 : tuple
      
      

       
       
 
        
Positional arguments to pass to function in addition to thearray/series
 
       
      
      
Additional keyword arguments will be passed as keywords to the function
Returns:
applied
 : Series or DataFrame
 
Notes
In the current implementation apply calls func twice on thefirst column/row to decide whether it can take a fast or slowcode path. 
This can lead to unexpected behavior if func hasside-effects, as they will take effect twice for the firstcolumn/row.
Examples
  
  

   
   

    
    
>>> df.apply(numpy.sqrt) # returns DataFrame
>>> df.apply(numpy.sum, axis=0) # equiv to df.sum(0)
>>> df.apply(numpy.sum, axis=1) # equiv to df.sum(1)

   
   
  
  

3）np.fromstring

参考链接：

https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.fromstring.html

Parameters:	string : str A string containing the data. dtype : data-type, optional The data type of the array; default: float. For binary input data,the data must be in exactly this format. count : int, optional Read this number of dtype elements from the data. If this isnegative (the default), the count will be determined from thelength of the data. sep : str, optional If not provided or, equivalently, the empty string, the data willbe interpreted as binary data; otherwise, as ASCII text withdecimal numbers. Also in this latter case, this argument isinterpreted as the string separating numbers in the data; extrawhitespace between elements is also ignored.
Returns:	arr : ndarray The constructed array.
Raises:	ValueError If the string is not the correct size to satisfy the requesteddtype and count.

Examples

>>> np.fromstring('\x01\x02', dtype=np.uint8)
array([1, 2], dtype=uint8)
>>> np.fromstring('1 2', dtype=int, sep=' ')
array([1, 2])
>>> np.fromstring('1, 2', dtype=int, sep=',')
array([1, 2])
>>> np.fromstring('\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05', dtype=np.uint8, count=3)
array([1, 2, 3], dtype=uint8)