Python numpy.transpose 详解

前言

看Python代码时，碰见 numpy.transpose 用于高维数组时挺让人费解，通过一番画图分析和代码验证，发现 transpose 用法还是很简单的。

正文

Numpy 文档 numpy.transpose 中做了些解释，transpose 作用是改变序列，下面是一些文档Examples：

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代码1：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-python">x <span style="color:#669900">=</span> np<span style="color:#999999">.</span>arange<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#98c379">4</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span>reshape<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#98c379">2</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#98c379">2</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span>

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输出1：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370">#x 为：</span>
array<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">0</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>
       <span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">2</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#98c379">3</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span>

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代码2：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#c678dd">import</span> numpy <span style="color:#c678dd">as</span> np
x<span style="color:#999999">.</span>transpose<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span>

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输出2：

<span style="color:#000000"><code>array([[0, 2],
       [1, 3]])
</code></span>

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对于二维 ndarray，transpose在不指定参数是默认是矩阵转置。如果指定参数，有如下相应结果：
代码3：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-python">x<span style="color:#999999">.</span>transpose<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#98c379">0</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span>

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输出3：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"># x 没有变化</span>
array<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">0</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>
       <span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">2</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#98c379">3</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span>

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代码4：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-python">x<span style="color:#999999">.</span>transpose<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#98c379">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span>

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输出4：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"># x 转置了</span>
array<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">0</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#98c379">2</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>
       <span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#98c379">3</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span>

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这个很好理解：
对于x，因为：

代码5：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-python">x<span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">0</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">0</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span> <span style="color:#669900">==</span> <span style="color:#98c379">0</span>
x<span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">0</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span> <span style="color:#669900">==</span> <span style="color:#98c379">1</span>
x<span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">0</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span> <span style="color:#669900">==</span> <span style="color:#98c379">2</span>
x<span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span> <span style="color:#669900">==</span> <span style="color:#98c379">3</span>
</code></span>

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我们不妨设第一个方括号“[]”为 0轴 ，第二个方括号为 1轴 ，则x可在 0-1坐标系 下表示如下：

代码6：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-python">因为 x<span style="color:#999999">.</span>transpose<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#98c379">0</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span> 表示按照原坐标轴改变序列，也就是保持不变
而 x<span style="color:#999999">.</span>transpose<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#98c379">0</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span> 表示交换 ‘<span style="color:#98c379">0</span>轴’ 和 ‘<span style="color:#98c379">1</span>轴’，所以就得到如下图所示结果：
</code></span>

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注意，任何时候你都要保持清醒，告诉自己第一个方括号“[]”为 0轴 ，第二个方括号为 1轴
此时，transpose转换关系就清晰了。

---

我们来看一个三维的：
代码7：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#c678dd">import</span> numpy <span style="color:#c678dd">as</span> np

<span style="color:#5c6370"># A是array([ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15])</span>
A <span style="color:#669900">=</span> np<span style="color:#999999">.</span>arange<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#98c379">16</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>

<span style="color:#5c6370"># 将A变换为三维矩阵</span>
A <span style="color:#669900">=</span> A<span style="color:#999999">.</span>reshape<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#98c379">2</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#98c379">2</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#98c379">4</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#c678dd">print</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>A<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span>

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输出7：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-python">A <span style="color:#669900">=</span> array<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span> <span style="color:#98c379">0</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>  <span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>  <span style="color:#98c379">2</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>  <span style="color:#98c379">3</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>
            <span style="color:#999999">[</span> <span style="color:#98c379">4</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>  <span style="color:#98c379">5</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>  <span style="color:#98c379">6</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>  <span style="color:#98c379">7</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>
            
           <span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span> <span style="color:#98c379">8</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>  <span style="color:#98c379">9</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#98c379">10</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#98c379">11</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>
            <span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">12</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#98c379">13</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#98c379">14</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#98c379">15</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>
</code></span>

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我们对上述的A表示成如下三维坐标的形式：

所以对于如下的变换都很好理解啦：
代码8：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-python">A<span style="color:#999999">.</span>transpose<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#98c379">0</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#98c379">2</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>  <span style="color:#5c6370">#保持A不变</span>
A<span style="color:#999999">.</span>transpose<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#98c379">0</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#98c379">2</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>  <span style="color:#5c6370">#将 0轴 和 1轴 交换</span>
</code></span>

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将 0轴 和 1轴 交换：

此时，输出

代码9：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-python">A<span style="color:#999999">.</span>transpose<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#98c379">0</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#98c379">2</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">0</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:#999999">[</span><span style="color:#98c379">2</span><span style="color:#999999">]</span>	<span style="color:#5c6370">#根据上图这个结果应该是10</span>
</code></span>

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后面不同的参数以此类推。