Mockito概述
Mockito是用于生成模拟对象或者直接说就是“假对象”的模拟工具。其特点是对于某些不容易构造(如HttpServletRequest)或者不容易获取的复杂对象(如JDBC中的ResultSet对象),可用一个虚拟的对象(Mock对象)来创建以便完成测试。Mockito最大的优点是可帮你把单元测试的耦合分解开,如果你的代码对另一个类或者接口有依赖,它能够帮助你模拟这些依赖,并帮助你验证所调用的依赖的行为。
当想要测试用户服务类UserService的某些接口时,需要依赖UserDao对象来完成相关测试,而UserDao对象还需要连接数据库。某些情况下我们无法连接数据库,比如无网络的情况下,此时,测试用例就无法正常执行。清楚了传统JUnit测试用例的局限性,我们来看一下Mockito如何规避这些缺点
利用Mockito框架提供的强大模拟对象功能,模拟出UserDao对象,并去掉UserDao与DB连接的关系,可以快速地开发出独立、稳定的测试用例,该测试用例不会因为DB异常而导致运行失败。实际中,JUnit和Mockito两者定位不同,项目中通常的做法是联合JUnit + Mockito来进行测试。
Mockito简单实例
简单了解了Mockito的概念和优点,这里列举几个简单实例来体验一下Mockito。
实例一:
package com.shrimpking;
import com.shrimpking.mockito.BvUser;
import com.shrimpking.mockito.BvUserService;
import com.shrimpking.mockito.BvUserServiceImpl;
import org.assertj.core.api.Assertions;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.mockito.Mockito;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
import java.util.List;
/**
* Created by IntelliJ IDEA.
*
* @Author : Shrimpking
* @create 2024/1/13 21:49
*/
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class MockTest
{
@Test
public void testMock(){
List mock = Mockito.mock(List.class);
Mockito.when(mock.get(0)).thenReturn("av");
Mockito.when(mock.get(1)).thenReturn("bv");
Assertions.assertThat(mock.get(0)).isEqualTo("av");
Assertions.assertThat(mock.get(1)).isEqualTo("yy");
}
}
上面实例中,使用Mockito模拟List的对象,拥有 List的所有方法和属性。
when(xxxx).thenReturn(yyyy)指定当执行了这个方法的时候,返回thenReturn的值,相当于是对模拟对象的配置过程,为某些条件给定一个预期的返回值。Mockito通过 when(xxx).thenReturn(yyy)这样的语法来定义对象方法和参数(输入),然后在thenReturn中指定结果(输出),此过程称为stub打桩。一旦这个方法被stub了,就会一直返回这个stub的值。
stub打桩时,需要注意以下几点:
(1)对于static和final方法,Mockito无法对其when(…).thenReturn(…)操作。
(2)当连续两次为同一个方法使用stub的时候,它只会使用最新的一次。
实例二:
首先,我们开发User实体、UserDao和UserService接口、UserServiceImpl实现类,具体代码如下:
package com.shrimpking.mockito;
import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Data;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
/**
* Created by IntelliJ IDEA.
*
* @Author : Shrimpking
* @create 2024/1/13 22:01
*/
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
@NoArgsConstructor
public class BvUser
{
private Integer id;
private String name;
}
package com.shrimpking.mockito;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
/**
* Created by IntelliJ IDEA.
*
* @Author : Shrimpking
* @create 2024/1/13 22:02
*/
@Component
public class BvUserDao
{
public BvUser findUser(Integer userId){
BvUser bvUser = null; //模拟查询数据库
return bvUser;
}
public boolean deleteUser(Integer userId){
//模拟删除
return Boolean.TRUE;
}
}
package com.shrimpking.mockito;
/**
* Created by IntelliJ IDEA.
*
* @Author : Shrimpking
* @create 2024/1/13 22:04
*/
public interface BvUserService
{
//查询用户
BvUser findUser(Integer id);
//删除用户
boolean deleteUser(Integer id);
}
package com.shrimpking.mockito;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import javax.annotation.Resource;
/**
* Created by IntelliJ IDEA.
*
* @Author : Shrimpking
* @create 2024/1/13 22:10
*/
@Component
public class BvUserServiceImpl implements BvUserService
{
@Resource
private BvUserDao bvUserDao;
@Override
public BvUser findUser(Integer id)
{
BvUser bvUser = this.bvUserDao.findUser(id);
return bvUser;
}
@Override
public boolean deleteUser(Integer id)
{
boolean isOk = this.bvUserDao.deleteUser(id);
return isOk;
}
}
pom
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.1.6.RELEASE</version>
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<groupId>com.shrimpking</groupId>
<artifactId>demo9</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>demo9</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<properties>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-configuration-processor</artifactId>
<optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
<artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
<optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<configuration>
<excludes>
<exclude>
<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
<artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
</exclude>
</excludes>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
然后,我们开发测试用例,具体代码如下:
package com.shrimpking;
import com.shrimpking.mockito.BvUser;
import com.shrimpking.mockito.BvUserService;
import com.shrimpking.mockito.BvUserServiceImpl;
import org.assertj.core.api.Assertions;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.mockito.Mockito;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
import java.util.List;
/**
* Created by IntelliJ IDEA.
*
* @Author : Shrimpking
* @create 2024/1/13 21:49
*/
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class MockTest
{
@Test
public void testMock(){
List mock = Mockito.mock(List.class);
Mockito.when(mock.get(0)).thenReturn("av");
Mockito.when(mock.get(1)).thenReturn("bv");
Assertions.assertThat(mock.get(0)).isEqualTo("av");
Assertions.assertThat(mock.get(1)).isEqualTo("yy");
}
@Test
public void testMock2(){
BvUserService bvUserService = Mockito.mock(BvUserServiceImpl.class);
Mockito.when(bvUserService.findUser(1)).thenReturn(new BvUser(1, "av"));
Mockito.when(bvUserService.deleteUser(1)).thenReturn(Boolean.TRUE);
//通过mock,查询模拟的对象
BvUser bvUser = bvUserService.findUser(1);
System.out.println("bvUser:" + bvUser.toString());
boolean isOk = bvUserService.deleteUser(bvUser.getId());
Assertions.assertThat(isOk).isTrue();
}
}
在testMock2测试用例方法中,当mock对象UserServiceImpl查询用户的时候返回mock对象new AyUser(1,“av”),最后删除用户对象。
本节列举的实例非常简单,更多Mockito资料请参考官方文档(https://static.javadoc.io/ org.mockito/mockito-core/2.25.0/org/mockito/Mockito.html)。读者可根据官方文档,编写出适合自己业务需求的测试用例,在之后的工作中,可以使用该测试框架模拟依赖,简化单元测试中复杂的依赖关系。