Lecture 1 : the geometry of linear equations

Lecture 1 : the geometry of linear equations

教材：Introduction to Linear Algebra, Gilbert Strang, 4th
网站：ocw.mit.edu \ web.mit.edu/18.06 \ math.mit.edu/linearalgebra

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Preface

The crucial operation in linear algebra is taking linear combinations of vectors.

Chapter 1 Introduction to Vectors

1.1 Vectors and Linear Combinations

The heart of linear algebra is in two operations – vector addition and scalar multiplication, combining them is linear combinations.
维度问题：m个向量可以构成一个m维空间（一般来说），如dot(0)、line(1)、plane(2)、space(3)等。
矢量加法遵循三角形定则。
Linear combinations 满足交换律及结合律。

1.2 Lengths and Dot Products

DEFINITION The dot product or inner product of $\boldsymbol{v} = (v_1,v_2)$ and $\boldsymbol{w} = (w_1,w_2)$
is the number $\boldsymbol{v} \cdot \boldsymbol{w}$ :

$$\boldsymbol{v} \cdot \boldsymbol{w} = v_1 w_1 + v_2 w_2.$$
点乘满足交换律。
In mathematics, zero is always a special number. For dot products, it means that these two vectors are perpendicular. The angle between them is 90°.
Main point To compute $\boldsymbol{v} \cdot \boldsymbol{w}$ , multiply each $v_i$ times $w_i$ Then add $\sum v_i w_i$.
DEFINITION The length $\begin{Vmatrix}v\end{Vmatrix}$ of a vector $\boldsymbol{v}$ is the square root of $\boldsymbol{v} \cdot \boldsymbol{v}$:
Length = norm( $v$) length = $\begin{Vmatrix}v\end{Vmatrix}$ = $\sqrt{\boldsymbol{v} \cdot \boldsymbol{v}}$.