分类数据
一、category的创建及其性质
1. 分类变量的创建
(a)用Series创建
pd. Series( [ "a" , "b" , "c" , "a" ] , dtype= "category" )
0 a
1 b
2 c
3 a
dtype: category
Categories (3, object): [a, b, c]
(b)对DataFrame指定类型创建
temp_df = pd. DataFrame( { 'A' : pd. Series( [ "a" , "b" , "c" , "a" ] , dtype= "category" ) , 'B' : list ( 'abcd' ) } )
temp_df. dtypes
A category
B object
dtype: object
(c)利用内置Categorical类型创建
cat = pd. Categorical( [ "a" , "b" , "c" , "a" ] , categories= [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' ] )
pd. Series( cat)
0 a
1 b
2 c
3 a
dtype: category
Categories (3, object): [a, b, c]
(d)利用cut函数创建
默认使用区间类型为标签
pd. cut( np. random. randint( 0 , 60 , 5 ) , [ 0 , 10 , 30 , 60 ] )
[(10, 30], (0, 10], (10, 30], (30, 60], (30, 60]]
Categories (3, interval[int64]): [(0, 10] < (10, 30] < (30, 60]]
可指定字符为标签
pd. cut( np. random. randint( 0 , 60 , 5 ) , [ 0 , 10 , 30 , 60 ] , right= False , labels= [ '0-10' , '10-30' , '30-60' ] )
[10-30, 30-60, 30-60, 10-30, 30-60]
Categories (3, object): [0-10 < 10-30 < 30-60]
2. 分类变量的结构
一个分类变量包括三个部分,元素值(values)、分类类别(categories)、是否有序(order)
从上面可以看出,使用cut函数创建的分类变量默认为有序分类变量
下面介绍如何获取或修改这些属性
(a)describe方法
该方法描述了一个分类序列的情况,包括非缺失值个数、元素值类别数(不是分类类别数)、最多次出现的元素及其频数
s = pd. Series( pd. Categorical( [ "a" , "b" , "c" , "a" , np. nan] , categories= [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' ] ) )
s. describe( )
count 4
unique 3
top a
freq 2
dtype: object
(b)categories和ordered属性
查看分类类别和是否排序
s. cat. categories
Index(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], dtype='object')
s. cat. ordered
False
3. 类别的修改
(a)利用set_categories修改
修改分类,但本身值不会变化
s = pd. Series( pd. Categorical( [ "a" , "b" , "c" , "a" , np. nan] , categories= [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' ] ) )
s. cat. set_categories( [ 'new_a' , 'c' ] )
0 NaN
1 NaN
2 c
3 NaN
4 NaN
dtype: category
Categories (2, object): [new_a, c]
(b)利用rename_categories修改
需要注意的是该方法会把值和分类同时修改
s = pd. Series( pd. Categorical( [ "a" , "b" , "c" , "a" , np. nan] , categories= [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' ] ) )
s. cat. rename_categories( [ 'new_%s' % i for i in s. cat. categories] )
0 new_a
1 new_b
2 new_c
3 new_a
4 NaN
dtype: category
Categories (4, object): [new_a, new_b, new_c, new_d]
利用字典修改值
s. cat. rename_categories( { 'a' : 'new_a' , 'b' : 'new_b' } )
0 new_a
1 new_b
2 c
3 new_a
4 NaN
dtype: category
Categories (4, object): [new_a, new_b, c, d]
(c)利用add_categories添加
s = pd. Series( pd. Categorical( [ "a" , "b" , "c" , "a" , np. nan] , categories= [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' ] ) )
s. cat. add_categories( [ 'e' ] )
0 a
1 b
2 c
3 a
4 NaN
dtype: category
Categories (5, object): [a, b, c, d, e]
(d)利用remove_categories移除
s = pd. Series( pd. Categorical( [ "a" , "b" , "c" , "a" , np. nan] , categories= [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' ] ) )
s. cat. remove_categories( [ 'd' ] )
0 a
1 b
2 c
3 a
4 NaN
dtype: category
Categories (3, object): [a, b, c]
(e)删除元素值未出现的分类类型
s = pd. Series( pd. Categorical( [ "a" , "b" , "c" , "a" , np. nan] , categories= [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' ] ) )
s. cat. remove_unused_categories( )
0 a
1 b
2 c
3 a
4 NaN
dtype: category
Categories (3, object): [a, b, c]
二、分类变量的排序
前面提到,分类数据类型被分为有序和无序,这非常好理解,例如分数区间的高低是有序变量,考试科目的类别一般看做无序变量
1. 序的建立
(a)一般来说会将一个序列转为有序变量,可以利用as_ordered方法
s = pd. Series( [ "a" , "d" , "c" , "a" ] ) . astype( 'category' ) . cat. as_ordered( )
s
0 a
1 d
2 c
3 a
dtype: category
Categories (3, object): [a < c < d]
退化为无序变量,只需要使用as_unordered
s. cat. as_unordered( )
0 a
1 d
2 c
3 a
dtype: category
Categories (3, object): [a, c, d]
(b)利用set_categories方法中的order参数
pd. Series( [ "a" , "d" , "c" , "a" ] ) . astype( 'category' ) . cat. set_categories( [ 'a' , 'c' , 'd' ] , ordered= True )
0 a
1 d
2 c
3 a
dtype: category
Categories (3, object): [a < c < d]
(c)利用reorder_categories方法
这个方法的特点在于,新设置的分类必须与原分类为同一集合
s = pd. Series( [ "a" , "d" , "c" , "a" ] ) . astype( 'category' )
s. cat. reorder_categories( [ 'a' , 'c' , 'd' ] , ordered= True )
0 a
1 d
2 c
3 a
dtype: category
Categories (3, object): [a < c < d]
2. 排序
先前在第1章介绍的值排序和索引排序都是适用的
s = pd. Series( np. random. choice( [ 'perfect' , 'good' , 'fair' , 'bad' , 'awful' ] , 50 ) ) . astype( 'category' )
s. cat. set_categories( [ 'perfect' , 'good' , 'fair' , 'bad' , 'awful' ] [ : : - 1 ] , ordered= True ) . head( )
0 good
1 fair
2 bad
3 perfect
4 perfect
dtype: category
Categories (5, object): [awful < bad < fair < good < perfect]
s. sort_values( ascending= False ) . head( )
29 perfect
17 perfect
31 perfect
3 perfect
4 perfect
dtype: category
Categories (5, object): [awful, bad, fair, good, perfect]
df_sort = pd. DataFrame( { 'cat' : s. values, 'value' : np. random. randn( 50 ) } ) . set_index( 'cat' )
df_sort. head( )
value cat good -1.746975 fair 0.836732 bad 0.094912 perfect -0.724338 perfect -1.456362
df_sort. sort_index( ) . head( )
value cat awful 0.245782 awful 0.063991 awful 1.541862 awful -0.062976 awful 0.472542
三、分类变量的比较操作
1. 与标量或等长序列的比较
(a)标量比较
s = pd. Series( [ "a" , "d" , "c" , "a" ] ) . astype( 'category' )
s == 'a'
0 True
1 False
2 False
3 True
dtype: bool
(b)等长序列比较
s == list ( 'abcd' )
0 True
1 False
2 True
3 False
dtype: bool
2. 与另一分类变量的比较
(a)等式判别(包含等号和不等号)
两个分类变量的等式判别需要满足分类完全相同
s = pd. Series( [ "a" , "d" , "c" , "a" ] ) . astype( 'category' )
s == s
0 True
1 True
2 True
3 True
dtype: bool
s != s
0 False
1 False
2 False
3 False
dtype: bool
s_new = s. cat. set_categories( [ 'a' , 'd' , 'e' ] )
(b)不等式判别(包含>=,<=,<,>)
两个分类变量的不等式判别需要满足两个条件:① 分类完全相同 ② 排序完全相同
s = pd. Series( [ "a" , "d" , "c" , "a" ] ) . astype( 'category' )
s = pd. Series( [ "a" , "d" , "c" , "a" ] ) . astype( 'category' ) . cat. reorder_categories( [ 'a' , 'c' , 'd' ] , ordered= True )
s >= s
0 True
1 True
2 True
3 True
dtype: bool