Linear Algebra Lecture 6

Linear Algebra Lecture 6

1.Vector spaces and subspaces

2. Column space of A

3. Null space of A

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Vector space

Vector space requirements $v+w$ and $cv$ are in the space, all the linear combinations $cv+dw$ are in the space.

Example 1
Take a plane $P$ and a line $L$ in $R^3$ space,
Is $P\bigcup L$ a subspace or not?
No, because can’t add.

Is $P\bigcap L$ a subspace or not?
Yes.

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Column space of A

$A=\begin{bmatrix}1&1&2\\2&1&3\\3&1&4\\4&1&5\end{bmatrix}$, what is in $C(A)$?

A is a subspace of $R^4$. Take 3 column’s linear combinations. The column space of A is all linear combinations of the columns.

$Ax=\begin{bmatrix}1&1&2\\2&1&3\\3&1&4\\4&1&5\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}x1\\x2\\x3\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}b1\\b2\\b3\\b4\end{bmatrix}$

Does $Ax=b$ have a solution for every b?

No, because A has 4 equations and 3 unknowns.
The combinations of these columns don’t fill the whole four dimensional space.There’s going to be some vectors b that are not combinations of these three columns.

Which vectors b allow this system to be solved?

I can solve $Ax=b$ exactly when the right-hand side b is a vector in the column space. Because the column space contains all the combinations, all the $Ax$. So those are the b*s that I can deal with. If b is not a combination of the columns, then there is no *x, there is no way to solve $Ax=b$.

Are those three columns independent(线性无关)?

No, because column 3 is the sum of column 1 and 2. So these two columns are pivot columns(主列). The column space is a two dimensional subspace of $R^4$.

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Null space of A

Null space of A contains all solutions x, to the equation $Ax=0$.

$Ax=\begin{bmatrix}1&1&2\\2&1&3\\3&1&4\\4&1&5\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}x1\\x2\\x3\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}0\\0\\0\\0\end{bmatrix}$, what is in $N(A)$?

$c\begin{bmatrix}1\\1\\-1\end{bmatrix}$

The solutions to $Ax=0$ always give a subspace?
If $Av = 0$ and $Aw=0$, then $A(v+w)=0$, then $cAv=0$, so the null space is always a vector space.