【自学】python初学LESSON2 ＜类＞

文章目录

• 前言
• 一、创建和使用类
• 二、修改属性
• 三、继承
• 总结

---

前言

今天学习类的相关知识

一、创建和使用类

1. 类的名称首字母要大写，实例的名称首字母要小写。

2. 方法__init__（）是一种特殊的方法，每当根据Dog类创建新的实例时，都会自动运行该方法。而其他的方法需要在下面主程序中专门写一条才能运行，如my_dog.sit()，不写不运行。

3. self. 变量：该类型构成的变量可供类中所有的方法使用。

示例：

class Dog:
    
    def __init__(self, name, age): #init两侧各有两个下划线，不是两侧各一个！！！谨记
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        
    def sit(self):
        print (f'{self.name} is sitting!')
        
    def roll_over(self):
        print (f'{self. name} is rolling over')
        
my_dog = Dog('white', 6)
print (f'my dog name is {my_dog.name}')
print (f'my dog age is {my_dog.age}')
my_dog.sit()
my_dog.roll_over()

your_dog = Dog('Lucy', 8)
print(f'your dog name is {your_dog.name}')
print (f'your dog age is {your_dog.age}')
your_dog.sit()
your_dog.roll_over()

 一定要记得，init两个各有两个下划线，不是一个！！！

结果：

my dog name is white
my dog age is 6
white is sitting!
white is rolling over
your dog name is Lucy
your dog age is 8
Lucy is sitting!
Lucy is rolling over

 注意：

1. 访问属性的格式：实例（my_dog）. 与该实例相关的参数（name, age)

2. 调用方法格式：即调用类中def定义的函数。实例（my_dog）. 要调用的方法（）

3. 可以有多个实例（my_dog, your_dog)

练习：9-1 9-2

 代码：

class Restaurant:
    def __init__(self, restaurant_name, cuisine_type):
        self.restaurant_name = restaurant_name
        self.cuisine_type = cuisine_type
        
    def describe_restaurant(self):
        print (f"the restaurant's name is {self.restaurant_name}")
        print (f"the cuisine's type is {self.cuisine_type}")
        
    def open_restaurant(self):
        print (f"{self.restaurant_name} is open")
        
restaurant = Restaurant('Zeyu Mu', 'Chinese food')
print (f"name is {restaurant.restaurant_name}")
print (f"type is {restaurant.cuisine_type}")
restaurant.describe_restaurant()
restaurant.open_restaurant()

 结果：

name is Zeyu Mu
type is Chinese food
the restaurant's name is Zeyu Mu
the cuisine's type is Chinese food
Zeyu Mu is open

二、修改属性

1. 可以认为在__init__()部分下的内容是对形参的初始化，用到的属性不一定要显示在括号中，当不显示在括号中时，需要对其进行赋值。

2. 修改属性的方法有两种：

（1）直接修改属性的值：

示例：对汽车行驶里程进行修改

class Car:
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        self. odometer_reading = 0
        
    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        long_name = f'{self.make} {self.year} {self.model}'
        print (long_name)
        return long_name.title()
    
    def read_odometer(self):
        print (f'The car has {self.odometer_reading} miles on it')

my_car = Car('audi', 'a4', 2022)
my_car.get_descriptive_name()
my_car.odometer_reading = 23   #对属性进行修改 
my_car.read_odometer()    

结果“

audi 2022 a4
The car has 23 miles on it

注意：要先对属性进行赋值，然后执行其对应的方式，才可得到想要的结果。不能只赋值，不执行。

（2）通过方法修改属性的值

示例：对汽车行驶里程进行修改，且不允许数值变小

class Car:
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        self. odometer_reading = 0
        
    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        long_name = f'{self.make} {self.year} {self.model}'
        print (long_name)
        return long_name.title()
    
    def updata_odometer(self, updata): #对里程数进行赋值，且不允许数值变小
        
        if updata >= self.odometer_reading:
            self.odometer_reading = updata #该语句是关键，可以不做条件判断
        else:
            print ('error!')
    
    def read_odometer(self):
        print (f'The car has {self.odometer_reading} miles on it')

my_car = Car('audi', 'a4', 2022)
my_car.get_descriptive_name()
my_car.updata_odometer(23)   #对属性进行修改 
my_car.read_odometer()    

结果

audi 2022 a4
The car has 23 miles on it

练习：9-4

 代码：

class Restaurant:
    def __init__(self, restaurant_name, cuisine_type):
        self.restaurant_name = restaurant_name
        self.cuisine_type = cuisine_type
        self.number_served = 0
        
    def describe_restaurant(self):
        print (f'\nname is {self.restaurant_name}')
        print (f'\ntype is {self.cuisine_type}')
        
    def open_restaurant(self):
        print (f'\n{self.restaurant_name} is open')
        
    def set_number_served(self, number):
        self.number_served = number
    
    def read_number_served(self):
        print (f'number is {self.number_served}')
        
    def increment_number_served(self,add):
        self.number_served += add
        
        
restaurant = Restaurant('Zeyu Mu', 'Chinese food')
restaurant.open_restaurant()
restaurant.describe_restaurant()

restaurant.set_number_served(100)
restaurant.read_number_served()

num = restaurant.increment_number_served(100)
restaurant.read_number_served()

结果：

Zeyu Mu is open

name is Zeyu Mu

type is Chinese food
number is 100
number is 200

三、继承

1. 编写类时，并非要从空白开始。一个类继承另一个类时，将制动获得另一个类的所有属性和方法。原有的类称为父类，新类称为子类。

2. 定义子类时，必须在圆括号内指定父类的名称。

示例：在上文汽车的类下发展电动汽车类

class Car:
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        
    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        long_name = f'{self.make} {self.year} {self.model}'
        print (long_name)
        return long_name.title()

class ElectricCar(Car):
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):  #非常关键的一步
        super().__init__(make, model, year) #非常关键的一步
        self.battery_size = 75
    
    def describe_battery(self):
        print(f'this car has a {self.battery_size} kwh battery')
        
    

my_car = Car('audi', 'a4', 2022)
my_car.get_descriptive_name()

my_tesla = ElectricCar(('alice'), 'a8', 2022)
my_tesla.describe_battery()

结果：

audi 2022 a4
this car has a 75 kwh battery

注意：

（1） 方法__init__()接收创建Car实例所需的信息

（2） super（）使我们能调用父类的方法。该行代码使其能调用Car类的方法__init__()，让ElectricCar实例包含这个方法中定义的所有属性。

3. 将实例用作属性

该方法能将大类拆分成多个协同工作的小类

示例：

class Car:
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        
    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        long_name = f'{self.make} {self.year} {self.model}'
        print (long_name)
        return long_name.title()

class Battery:
    def __init__(self, battery_size = 75):
        self.battery_size = battery_size 
        
    def describe_battery(self):
        print(f'this car has a {self.battery_size} kwh battery')
        
    def get_range(self):
        if self.battery_size == 75:
            range = 260
        elif self.battery_size == 100:
            range = 315
        print (f'This car can go about {range} miles')

class ElectricCar(Car):
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        super().__init__(make, model, year) 
        self.battery = Battery()    #非常关键的一步
    
my_tesla = ElectricCar('alice', 'a8', 2022)
my_tesla.battery.describe_battery()
my_tesla.battery.get_range()

结果：

this car has a 75 kwh battery
This car can go about 260 miles

---

总结

本次学习没有遇到问题，比较顺利！继续努力呀！