如何实现Flink、Iceberg和Hive数据类型之间的互转

Flink、Iceberg和Hive都提供了丰富的SQL 数据类型,但是在具体使用上,还是存在一些差异和不兼容的情况,当将三套引擎放在一起使用时候,经常会碰到将几种引擎的类型之间来回转换。问题是,这几套独立的数据类型是否支持互相转换,以及如何才能减轻转换的复杂性?

为此,首先需要仔细地调研几种引擎对数据类型的支持情况,现将三种引擎支持的数据类型和对应关系罗列如下:

Flink

Iceberg

Hive

CHAR


CHAR

VARCHAR


VARCHAR

STRING

string

STRING

BOOLEAN

boolean

BOOLEAN

BINARY

fixed(L)


VARBINARY

binary

BINARY

BYTES



DECIMAL

decimal(P,S)

DECIMAL

TINYINT


TINYINT

SMALLINT


SMALLINT

INTEGER

int

INT

BIGINT

long

BIGINT

FLOAT

float

FLOAT

DOUBLE

double

DOUBLE

DATE

date

DATE

TIME

time


TIMESTAMP

timestamp

TIMESTAMP

TIMESTAMP_LTZ

timestamptz


INTERVAL


INTERVAL

ARRAY

list<E>

array

MULTISET



MAP

map<K, V>

map

ROW

struct<...>

struct

RAW





union

Structured types

struct<...>


数据类型在这三种引擎之间都可以互转,但是最终存储和持久化到Hive元数据中,首先来看Hive的数据类型。

Hive将数据类型分两大类:

  • Complex类型:map,array ,struct,union

  • Primitive类型: 除Complex类型之外,如 int,float, double 等

在Hive serde库中,定义了几种类型分类:

//ObjectInspector.class
public static enum Category {
    PRIMITIVE, LIST, MAP, STRUCT, UNION
};

其中Complex数据类型的使用语法格式分别为:

ARRAY<data_type>
MAP<primitive_type, data_type>
STRUCT<col_name : data_type [COMMENT col_comment], ...>
UNIONTYPE<data_type, data_type, ...>

举个建表示例:

CREATE TABLE union_test(foo UNIONTYPE<int, double, array<string>, struct<a:int,b:string>>);

每种数据类型在网络传输中都涉及到类型的序列化和反序列化,因此数据类型都有显示名称,也就是字符串表示的名字,如:

INT的显示类型名称为 int

CHAR的显示类型名称为 char

VARCHAR的显示类型名称为 varchar(length)

ARRAY的显示类型名称为 array<data_type>

MAP的显示类型名称为 map<primitive_type, data_type>

STRUCT的显示类型名称为 struct<col_name:data_type,...>

UNION的显示类型名称为uniontype<data_type, data_type, ...>

Hive serde库提供了对这些类型的序列化和反序列化方法:

//TypeInfoUtils.class


public static ArrayList<TypeInfo> getTypeInfosFromTypeString(String typeString) ;
public static List<String> getTypeStringsFromTypeInfo(List<TypeInfo> typeInfos);

举个例子,将map类型的字符串表示解析成TypeInfo类型对象表示:

ArrayList<TypeInfo> typeInfo = TypeInfoUtils.getTypeInfosFromTypeString("map<boolean,boolean>");

其中TypeInfo是Hive定义的类型信息的对象接口表示,Hive总共实现了以下这些TypeInfo子类:

CharTypeInfo

VarcharTypeInfo

DecimalTypeInfo

ListTypeInfo

MapTypeInfo

StructTypeInfo

PrimitiveTypeInfo

UnionTypeInfo

而其中的DecimalTypeInfo属于基本数据类型的合集:

public static enum PrimitiveCategory {
    VOID,
    BOOLEAN,
    BYTE,
    SHORT,
    INT,
    LONG,
    FLOAT,
    DOUBLE,
    STRING,
    DATE,
    TIMESTAMP,
    TIMESTAMPLOCALTZ,
    BINARY,
    DECIMAL,
    VARCHAR,
    CHAR,
    INTERVAL_YEAR_MONTH,
    INTERVAL_DAY_TIME,
    UNKNOWN;
}

在PrimitiveCategory定义里, DECIMAL, VARCHAR,CHAR 被归属于基本类型,但是又实现了相应的TypeInfo子类。可见,在数据类型的归属上,Hive存在不一致的地方。

看完了Hive的数据类型,再来看Flink的数据类型定义:

CharType

VarCharType

BinaryType

VarBinaryType

DecimalType

ArrayType

MapType

StructuredType

TinyIntType

SmallIntType

IntType

BigIntType

BooleanType

DoubleType

FloatType

TimestampType

TimeType

DateType

DayTimeIntervalType

YearMonthIntervalType

ZonedTimestampType

LocalZonedTimestampType

NullType

RawType

RowType

MultisetType

SymbolType

UserDefinedType

UnresolvedUserDefinedType

相比Hive的数据类型,Flink定义的数据类型要丰富得多,并且将基本数据类型也分开定义了。Flink开源社区在Flink Hive Connector包中提供了Flink和Hive数据类型的互相转换:

//HiveTypeUtil.class
//Hive数据类型转换为Flink数据类型
public static DataType toFlinkType(TypeInfo hiveType) {
    Preconditions.checkNotNull(hiveType, "hiveType cannot be null");
  switch(hiveType.getCategory()) {
        case PRIMITIVE:
            return toFlinkPrimitiveType((PrimitiveTypeInfo)hiveType);
        case LIST:
            ListTypeInfo listTypeInfo = (ListTypeInfo)hiveType;
            return DataTypes.ARRAY(toFlinkType(listTypeInfo.getListElementTypeInfo()));
        case MAP:
            MapTypeInfo mapTypeInfo = (MapTypeInfo)hiveType;
            return DataTypes.MAP(toFlinkType(mapTypeInfo.getMapKeyTypeInfo()), toFlinkType(mapTypeInfo.getMapValueTypeInfo()));
        case STRUCT:
            StructTypeInfo structTypeInfo = (StructTypeInfo)hiveType;
            List<String> names = structTypeInfo.getAllStructFieldNames();
            List<TypeInfo> typeInfos = structTypeInfo.getAllStructFieldTypeInfos();
            Field[] fields = new Field[names.size()];
    
            for(int i = 0; i < fields.length; ++i) {
                fields[i] = DataTypes.FIELD((String)names.get(i), toFlinkType((TypeInfo)typeInfos.get(i)));
            }
    
            return DataTypes.ROW(fields);
        default:
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(String.format("Flink doesn't support Hive data type %s yet.", hiveType));
    }
}


private static DataType toFlinkPrimitiveType(PrimitiveTypeInfo hiveType) {
    Preconditions.checkNotNull(hiveType, "hiveType cannot be null");
    switch(hiveType.getPrimitiveCategory()) {
    case CHAR:
        return DataTypes.CHAR(((CharTypeInfo)hiveType).getLength());
    case VARCHAR:
        return DataTypes.VARCHAR(((VarcharTypeInfo)hiveType).getLength());
    case STRING:
        return DataTypes.STRING();
    case BOOLEAN:
        return DataTypes.BOOLEAN();
    case BYTE:
        return DataTypes.TINYINT();
    case SHORT:
        return DataTypes.SMALLINT();
    case INT:
        return DataTypes.INT();
    case LONG:
        return DataTypes.BIGINT();
    case FLOAT:
        return DataTypes.FLOAT();
    case DOUBLE:
        return DataTypes.DOUBLE();
    case DATE:
        return DataTypes.DATE();
    case TIMESTAMP:
        return DataTypes.TIMESTAMP(9);
    case BINARY:
        return DataTypes.BYTES();
    case DECIMAL:
        DecimalTypeInfo decimalTypeInfo = (DecimalTypeInfo)hiveType;
        return DataTypes.DECIMAL(decimalTypeInfo.getPrecision(), decimalTypeInfo.getScale());
    default:
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException(String.format("Flink doesn't support Hive primitive type %s yet", hiveType));
    }
}


//Flink数据类型转为Hive数据类型
public static TypeInfo toHiveTypeInfo(DataType dataType, boolean checkPrecision) {
    Preconditions.checkNotNull(dataType, "type cannot be null");
    LogicalType logicalType = dataType.getLogicalType();
    return (TypeInfo)logicalType.accept(new HiveTypeUtil.TypeInfoLogicalTypeVisitor(dataType, checkPrecision));
}

再来看Iceberg的数据类型定义:

StringType

FixedType

BinaryType

DecimalType

ListType

MapType

StructType

IntegerType

LongType

BooleanType

DoubleType

FloatType

TimestampType

TimeType

DateType

UUIDType

Iceberg的数据类型定义也是将复合数据类型和基本数据类型独立定义,但是相比Flink,类型相对较少,Iceberg类型作为中间态的存在,Iceberg同样提供了数据类型跟Flink、Hive的互相转换:

//HiveSchemaUtil.class
//Iceberg类型转换为Hive类型
public static TypeInfo convert(Type type) {
    return TypeInfoUtils.getTypeInfoFromTypeString(convertToTypeString(type));
}


//Hive类型转换为Iceberg类型
public static Type convert(TypeInfo typeInfo) {
    return HiveSchemaConverter.convert(typeInfo, false);
}

Iceberg类型转换为Hive类型的思路是先将Iceberg对象表示的类型转换为字符串表示的中间结果,然后再用Hive的TypeInfo解析器解析为Hive支持的数据类型。

而将Hive类型转换为Iceberg类型,仍然采用传统的逐一匹配方式:

//HiveSchemaConverter.class


Type convertType(TypeInfo typeInfo) {
    switch(typeInfo.getCategory()) {
        case PRIMITIVE:
            switch(((PrimitiveTypeInfo)typeInfo).getPrimitiveCategory()) {
                case FLOAT:
                    return FloatType.get();
                case DOUBLE:
                    return DoubleType.get();
                case BOOLEAN:
                    return BooleanType.get();
                case BYTE:
                case SHORT:
                    Preconditions.checkArgument(this.autoConvert, "Unsupported Hive type: %s, use integer instead", ((PrimitiveTypeInfo)typeInfo).getPrimitiveCategory());
                    LOG.debug("Using auto conversion from SHORT/BYTE to INTEGER");
                    return IntegerType.get();
                case INT:
                    return IntegerType.get();
                case LONG:
                    return LongType.get();
                case BINARY:
                    return BinaryType.get();
                case CHAR:
                case VARCHAR:
                    Preconditions.checkArgument(this.autoConvert, "Unsupported Hive type: %s, use string instead", ((PrimitiveTypeInfo)typeInfo).getPrimitiveCategory());
                    LOG.debug("Using auto conversion from CHAR/VARCHAR to STRING");
                    return StringType.get();
                case STRING:
                    return StringType.get();
                case TIMESTAMP:
                    return TimestampType.withoutZone();
                case DATE:
                    return DateType.get();
                case DECIMAL:
                    DecimalTypeInfo decimalTypeInfo = (DecimalTypeInfo)typeInfo;
                    return DecimalType.of(decimalTypeInfo.precision(), decimalTypeInfo.scale());
                case INTERVAL_YEAR_MONTH:
                case INTERVAL_DAY_TIME:
                default:
                    if ("TIMESTAMPLOCALTZ".equalsIgnoreCase(((PrimitiveTypeInfo)typeInfo).getPrimitiveCategory().name())) {
                        return TimestampType.withZone();
                    }
    
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported Hive type (" + ((PrimitiveTypeInfo)typeInfo).getPrimitiveCategory() + ") for Iceberg tables.");
            }
        case STRUCT:
            StructTypeInfo structTypeInfo = (StructTypeInfo)typeInfo;
            List<NestedField> fields = this.convertInternal(structTypeInfo.getAllStructFieldNames(), structTypeInfo.getAllStructFieldTypeInfos(), Collections.emptyList());
            return StructType.of(fields);
        case MAP:
            MapTypeInfo mapTypeInfo = (MapTypeInfo)typeInfo;
            Type keyType = this.convertType(mapTypeInfo.getMapKeyTypeInfo());
            Type valueType = this.convertType(mapTypeInfo.getMapValueTypeInfo());
            int keyId = this.id++;
            int valueId = this.id++;
            return MapType.ofOptional(keyId, valueId, keyType, valueType);
        case LIST:
            ListTypeInfo listTypeInfo = (ListTypeInfo)typeInfo;
            Type listType = this.convertType(listTypeInfo.getListElementTypeInfo());
            return ListType.ofOptional(this.id++, listType);
        case UNION:
        default:
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown type " + typeInfo.getCategory());
      }
}

Flink类型转换为Iceberg采用了访问器设计模式,从实现中很明了地可知类型转换支持的类型:

//FlinkTypeToType.class


public Type visit(CharType charType) {
    return StringType.get();
}


public Type visit(VarCharType varCharType) {
    return StringType.get();
}


public Type visit(BooleanType booleanType) {
    return org.apache.iceberg.types.Types.BooleanType.get();
}


public Type visit(BinaryType binaryType) {
    return FixedType.ofLength(binaryType.getLength());
}


public Type visit(VarBinaryType varBinaryType) {
    return org.apache.iceberg.types.Types.BinaryType.get();
}


public Type visit(DecimalType decimalType) {
    return org.apache.iceberg.types.Types.DecimalType.of(decimalType.getPrecision(), decimalType.getScale());
}


public Type visit(TinyIntType tinyIntType) {
    return IntegerType.get();
}


public Type visit(SmallIntType smallIntType) {
    return IntegerType.get();
}


public Type visit(IntType intType) {
    return IntegerType.get();
}


public Type visit(BigIntType bigIntType) {
    return LongType.get();
}


public Type visit(FloatType floatType) {
    return org.apache.iceberg.types.Types.FloatType.get();
}


public Type visit(DoubleType doubleType) {
    return org.apache.iceberg.types.Types.DoubleType.get();
}


public Type visit(DateType dateType) {
    return org.apache.iceberg.types.Types.DateType.get();
}


public Type visit(TimeType timeType) {
    return org.apache.iceberg.types.Types.TimeType.get();
}


public Type visit(TimestampType timestampType) {
    return org.apache.iceberg.types.Types.TimestampType.withoutZone();
}


public Type visit(LocalZonedTimestampType localZonedTimestampType) {
    return org.apache.iceberg.types.Types.TimestampType.withZone();
}


public Type visit(ArrayType arrayType) {
    Type elementType = (Type)arrayType.getElementType().accept(this);
  return arrayType.getElementType().isNullable() ? ListType.ofOptional(this.getNextId(), elementType) : ListType.ofRequired(this.getNextId(), elementType);
}


public Type visit(MultisetType multisetType) {
    Type elementType = (Type)multisetType.getElementType().accept(this);
    return MapType.ofRequired(this.getNextId(), this.getNextId(), elementType, IntegerType.get());
}


public Type visit(org.apache.flink.table.types.logical.MapType mapType) {
    Type keyType = (Type)mapType.getKeyType().accept(this);
    Type valueType = (Type)mapType.getValueType().accept(this);
    return mapType.getValueType().isNullable() ? MapType.ofOptional(this.getNextId(), this.getNextId(), keyType, valueType) : MapType.ofRequired(this.getNextId(), this.getNextId(), keyType, valueType);
}


public Type visit(RowType rowType) {
    List<NestedField> newFields = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(rowType.getFieldCount());
    boolean isRoot = this.root == rowType;
    List<Type> types = (List)rowType.getFields().stream().map((f) -> {
        return (Type)f.getType().accept(this);
    }).collect(Collectors.toList());
    
    for(int i = 0; i < rowType.getFieldCount(); ++i) {
        int id = isRoot ? i : this.getNextId();
        RowField field = (RowField)rowType.getFields().get(i);
        String name = field.getName();
        String comment = (String)field.getDescription().orElse((Object)null);
        if (field.getType().isNullable()) {
          newFields.add(NestedField.optional(id, name, (Type)types.get(i), comment));
        } else {
          newFields.add(NestedField.required(id, name, (Type)types.get(i), comment));
        }
    }
    
    return StructType.of(newFields);
}

同样地,在TypeToFlinkType中也实现了Iceberg类型转为Flink类型:

//TypeToFlinkType.class


public LogicalType struct(StructType struct, List<LogicalType> fieldResults) {
    List<NestedField> fields = struct.fields();
    List<RowField> flinkFields = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(fieldResults.size());


    for(int i = 0; i < fields.size(); ++i) {
        NestedField field = (NestedField)fields.get(i);
        LogicalType type = (LogicalType)fieldResults.get(i);
        RowField flinkField = new RowField(field.name(), type.copy(field.isOptional()), field.doc());
        flinkFields.add(flinkField);
    }


    return new RowType(flinkFields);
}


public LogicalType field(NestedField field, LogicalType fieldResult) {
    return fieldResult;
}


public LogicalType list(ListType list, LogicalType elementResult) {
    return new ArrayType(elementResult.copy(list.isElementOptional()));
}


public LogicalType map(MapType map, LogicalType keyResult, LogicalType valueResult) {
    return new org.apache.flink.table.types.logical.MapType(keyResult.copy(false), valueResult.copy(map.isValueOptional()));
}


public LogicalType primitive(PrimitiveType primitive) {
    switch(primitive.typeId()) {
        case BOOLEAN:
            return new BooleanType();
        case INTEGER:
            return new IntType();
        case LONG:
            return new BigIntType();
        case FLOAT:
            return new FloatType();
        case DOUBLE:
            return new DoubleType();
        case DATE:
            return new DateType();
        case TIME:
            return new TimeType();
        case TIMESTAMP:
            TimestampType timestamp = (TimestampType)primitive;
            if (timestamp.shouldAdjustToUTC()) {
                return new LocalZonedTimestampType(6);
            }
    
            return new org.apache.flink.table.types.logical.TimestampType(6);
        case STRING:
            return new VarCharType(2147483647);
        case UUID:
            return new BinaryType(16);
        case FIXED:
            FixedType fixedType = (FixedType)primitive;
            return new BinaryType(fixedType.length());
        case BINARY:
            return new VarBinaryType(2147483647);
        case DECIMAL:
            DecimalType decimal = (DecimalType)primitive;
            return new org.apache.flink.table.types.logical.DecimalType(decimal.precision(), decimal.scale());
        default:
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Cannot convert unknown type to Flink: " + primitive);
      }
}

上面详细介绍了三种引擎的数据类型定义和相互转换方法,为了直观地看到三种类型的转换结果,现在将它们整理在一个表格中:

Flink

Iceberg

Hive

CharType

StringType

CharTypeInfo(STRING、CHAR)

VarCharType

StringType

VarcharTypeInfo(STRING、VARCHAR)

BinaryType

FixedType

BINARY

VarBinaryType

BinaryType

BINARY

DecimalType

DecimalType

DecimalTypeInfo(DECIMAL)

ArrayType

ListType

ListTypeInfo

MapType

MapType

MapTypeInfo

StructuredType

StructType

StructTypeInfo

TinyIntType

IntegerType

PrimitiveTypeInfo(TINYINT)

SmallIntType

IntegerType

PrimitiveTypeInfo(SHORT)

IntType

IntegerType

PrimitiveTypeInfo(INT)

BigIntType

LongType

PrimitiveTypeInfo(LONG)

BooleanType

BooleanType

PrimitiveTypeInfo(BOOLEAN)

DoubleType

DoubleType

PrimitiveTypeInfo(DOUBLE)

FloatType

FloatType

PrimitiveTypeInfo(FLOAT)

TimestampType

TimestampType

PrimitiveTypeInfo(TIMESTAMP)

TimeType

TimeType

PrimitiveTypeInfo(STRING)

DateType

DateType

PrimitiveTypeInfo(DATE)

DayTimeIntervalType


IPrimitiveTypeInfo(NTERVAL_DAY_TIME)

YearMonthIntervalType


PrimitiveTypeInfo(INTERVAL_YEAR_MONTH)

ZonedTimestampType



LocalZonedTimestampType

TimestampType


NullType


PrimitiveTypeInfo(VOID)

RawType



RowType

StructType

StructTypeInfo

MultisetType

MapType


SymbolType



UserDefinedType



UnresolvedUserDefinedType





UnionTypeInfo


UUIDType

STRING

从表格中,很明显地得知,Flink提供了最复杂的类型信息,包括复合自定义数据类型。而三者公共支持的类型是基本类型和struct,map,array,而基本类型中的带有时区的时间戳格式,三者目前还存在不兼容的情况,空格空白表示不支持的数据类型转换。另外,在梳理三种引擎类型的转换过程中,我们看到它们都以Hive的数据类型为基准,即都可以从Hive数据类型为中介来实现互转,在其中存在较多的冗余实现代码,正因为如此,这给设计通用数据类型体系提供了新的途径。

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