高等数学（第七版）同济大学习题5-2 个人解答

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最新推荐文章于 2022-10-19 11:15:30 发布

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分类专栏： # 高等数学数学文章标签：高等数学

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高等数学（第七版）同济大学习题5-2

$\begin{aligned}&1. \ 试求函数y=\int_{0}^{x}sin\ tdt当x=0及x=\frac{\pi}{4}时的导数。&\end{aligned}$

解：

$\begin{aligned} &\ \ 因为y=\int_{0}^{x}sin\ tdt，所以，y'=sin\ x，当x=0时，y'=0，当x=\frac{\pi}{4}时，y'=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}。 & \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned}&2. \ 求由参数表达式x=\int_{0}^{t}sin\ udu，y=\int_{0}^{t}cos\ udu所确定的函数对x的导数\frac{dy}{dx}。&\end{aligned}$

解：

$\begin{aligned} &\ \ \frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{\frac{dy}{dt}}{\frac{dx}{dt}}=\frac{cos\ t}{sin\ t}=cot\ t. & \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned}&3. \ 求由\int_{0}^{y}e^tdt+\int_{0}^{x}cos\ tdt=0所确定的隐函数对x的导数\frac{dy}{dx}.&\end{aligned}$

解：

$\begin{aligned} &\ \ 方程两端对x求导，得e^y\frac{dy}{dx}+cos\ x=0，所以，\frac{dy}{dx}=-\frac{cos\ x}{e^y} & \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned}&4. \ 当x为何值时，函数I(x)=\int_{0}^{x}te^{-t^2}dt有极值？&\end{aligned}$

解：

$\begin{aligned} &\ \ 因为I'(x)=xe^{-x^2}，方程xe^{-x^2}=0的解为x=0，当x \lt 0时，I'(x) \lt 0，当x \gt 0时，I'(x) \gt 0，\\\\ &\ \ 所以x=0是函数I(x)唯一的极小值点。 & \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned}&5. \ 计算下列各导数：&\end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} &\ \ (1)\ \ \frac{d}{dx}\int_{0}^{x^2}\sqrt{1+t^2}dt；&\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (2)\ \ \frac{d}{dx}\int_{x^2}^{x^3}\frac{dt}{\sqrt{1+t^4}}；\\\\ &\ \ (3)\ \ \frac{d}{dx}\int_{sin\ x}^{cos\ x}cos(\pi t^2)dt. & \end{aligned}$

解：

$\begin{aligned} &\ \ (1)\ \frac{d}{dx}\int_{0}^{x^2}\sqrt{1+t^2}dt=2x\sqrt{1+x^4}\\\\ &\ \ (2)\ \frac{d}{dx}\int_{x^2}^{x^3}\frac{dt}{\sqrt{1+t^4}}=\frac{d}{dx}\left(\int_{0}^{x^3}\frac{dt}{\sqrt{1+t^4}}-\int_{0}^{x^2}\frac{dt}{\sqrt{1+t^4}}\right)=\frac{3x^2}{\sqrt{1+x^{12}}}-\frac{2x}{\sqrt{1+x^8}}\\\\ &\ \ (3)\ \frac{d}{dx}\int_{sin\ x}^{cos\ x}cos(\pi t^2)dt=\frac{d}{dx}\left(\int_{0}^{cos\ x}cos(\pi t^2)dt-\int_{0}^{sin\ x}cos(\pi t^2)dt\right)=-sin\ xcos(\pi cos^2\ x)-cos\ xcos(\pi sin^2\ x)=\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ -sin\ xcos(\pi-\pi sin^2\ x)-cos\ xcos(\pi sin^2\ x)=(sin\ x-cos\ x)cos(\pi sin^2\ x) & \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned}&6. \ 证明f(x)=\int_{1}^{x}\sqrt{1+t^3}dt在[-1, \ +\infty)上是单调增加函数，并求(f^{-1})'(0).&\end{aligned}$

解：

$\begin{aligned} &\ \ f(x)在[-1, \ +\infty)上可导，当x \gt -1时，f'(x)=\sqrt{1+x^3} \gt 0，所以，f(x)在[-1, \ +\infty)上是单调增加函数。\\\\ &\ \ 因为f(1)=0，所以，(f^{-1})'(0)=\frac{1}{f'(1)}=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}. & \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned}&7. \ 设f(x)具有三阶连续导数，y=f(x)的图形如图5-8所示。问下列积分中的哪一个积分值为负？&\end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} &\ \ (A)\ \ \int_{-1}^{3}f(x)dx\\\\ &\ \ (B)\ \ \int_{-1}^{3}f'(x)dx\\\\ &\ \ (C)\ \ \int_{-1}^{3}f''(x)dx\\\\ &\ \ (D)\ \ \int_{-1}^{3}f'''(x)dx & \end{aligned}$
在这里插入图片描述

解：

$\begin{aligned} &\ \ 根据图形可知，在区间[-1, \ 3]上f(x) \ge 0，当x=-1或x=3时，f(x)=0，f'(-1) \gt 0，f''(-1) \lt 0，\\\\ &\ \ f'(3) \lt 0，f''(3) \gt 0，所以，\int_{-1}^{3}f(x)dx \gt 0，\int_{-1}^{3}f'(x)dx=f(3)-f(-1)=0，\\\\ &\ \ \int_{-1}^{3}f''(x)dx=f'(3)-f'(-1) \lt 0，\int_{-1}^{3}f'''(x)dx=f''(3)-f''(-1) \gt 0，选C. & \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned}&8. \ 计算下列各定积分：&\end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} &\ \ (1)\ \ \int_{0}^{a}(3x^2-x+1)dx；\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (2)\ \ \int_{1}^{2}\left(x^2+\frac{1}{x^4}\right)dx；\\\\ &\ \ (3)\ \ \int_{4}^{9}\sqrt{x}(1+\sqrt{x})dx；\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (4)\ \ \int_{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}^{\sqrt{3}}\frac{dx}{1+x^2}；\\\\ &\ \ (5)\ \ \int_{-\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}\frac{dx}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}；\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (6)\ \ \int_{0}^{\sqrt{3}a}\frac{dx}{a^2+x^2}；\\\\ &\ \ (7)\ \ \int_{0}^{1}\frac{dx}{\sqrt{4-x^2}}；\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (8)\ \ \int_{-1}^{0}\frac{3x^4+3x^2+1}{x^2+1}dx；\\\\ &\ \ (9)\ \ \int_{-e-1}^{-2}\frac{dx}{1+x}；\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (10)\ \ \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}}tan^2\ \theta d\theta；\\\\ &\ \ (11)\ \ \int_{0}^{2\pi}|sin\ x|dx；\\\\ &\ \ (12)\ \ \int_{0}^{2}f(x)dx，其中f(x)=\begin{cases}x+1，x \le 1，\\\\\frac{1}{2}x^2，\ \ \ x \gt 1.\end{cases} & \end{aligned}$

解：

$\begin{aligned} &\ \ (1)\ \int_{0}^{a}(3x^2-x+1)dx=\left[x^3-\frac{1}{2}x^2+x\right]_{0}^{a}=a^3-\frac{1}{2}a^2+a\\\\ &\ \ (2)\ \int_{1}^{2}\left(x^2+\frac{1}{x^4}\right)dx=\left[\frac{1}{3}x^3-\frac{1}{3x^3}\right]_{1}^{2}=\frac{21}{8}\\\\ &\ \ (3)\ \int_{4}^{9}\sqrt{x}(1+\sqrt{x})dx=\left[\frac{2}{3}x^{\frac{3}{2}}+\frac{1}{2}x^2\right]_{4}^{9}=\frac{271}{6}\\\\ &\ \ (4)\ \int_{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}^{\sqrt{3}}\frac{dx}{1+x^2}=[arctan\ x]_{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}^{\sqrt{3}}=\frac{\pi}{6}\\\\ &\ \ (5)\ \int_{-\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}\frac{dx}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}=[arcsin\ x]_{-\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}=\frac{\pi}{3}\\\\ &\ \ (6)\ \int_{0}^{\sqrt{3}a}\frac{dx}{a^2+x^2}=\left[\frac{1}{a}arctan\ \frac{x}{a}\right]_{0}^{\sqrt{3}a}=\frac{\pi}{3a}\\\\ &\ \ (7)\ \int_{0}^{1}\frac{dx}{\sqrt{4-x^2}}=\left[arcsin\ \frac{x}{2}\right]_{0}^{1}=\frac{\pi}{6}\\\\ &\ \ (8)\ \int_{-1}^{0}\frac{3x^4+3x^2+1}{x^2+1}dx=\int_{-1}^{0}\left(3x^2+\frac{1}{x^2+1}\right)dx=[x^3+arctan\ x]_{-1}^{0}=1+\frac{\pi}{4}\\\\ &\ \ (9)\ \int_{-e-1}^{-2}\frac{dx}{1+x}=[ln|1+x|]_{-e-1}^{-2}=-1\\\\ &\ \ (10)\ \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}}tan^2\ \theta d\theta=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}}(sec^2\ \theta-1)d\theta=[tan\ \theta-\theta]_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}}=1-\frac{\pi}{4}\\\\ &\ \ (11)\ \int_{0}^{2\pi}|sin\ x|dx=\int_{0}^{\pi}sin\ xdx+\int_{\pi}^{2\pi}(-sin\ x)dx=[-cos\ x]_{0}^{\pi}+[cos\ x]_{\pi}^{2\pi}=4\\\\ &\ \ (12)\ \int_{0}^{2}f(x)dx=\int_{0}^{1}(x+1)dx+\int_{1}^{2}\frac{1}{2}x^2dx=\left[\frac{1}{2}x^2+x\right]_{0}^{1}+\left[\frac{1}{6}x^3\right]_{1}^{2}=\frac{8}{3} & \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned}&9. \ 设k \in N_{+}.试证下列各题：&\end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} &\ \ (1)\ \ \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}cos\ kxdx=0；\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (2)\ \ \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}sin\ kxdx=0；\\\\ &\ \ (3)\ \ \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}cos^2\ kxdx=\pi；\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (4)\ \ \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}sin^2\ kxdx=\pi； & \end{aligned}$

解：

$\begin{aligned} &\ \ (1)\ \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}cos\ kxdx=\left[\frac{1}{k}sin\ kx\right]_{-\pi}^{\pi}=0\\\\ &\ \ (2)\ \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}sin\ kxdx=\left[-\frac{1}{k}cos\ kx\right]_{-\pi}^{\pi}=0\\\\ &\ \ (3)\ \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}cos^2\ kxdx=\frac{1}{2}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}(1+cos\ 2kx)dx=\frac{1}{2}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}dx+\frac{1}{2}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}cos\ 2kxdx=\pi\\\\ &\ \ (4)\ \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}sin^2\ kxdx=\frac{1}{2}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}(1-cos\ 2kx)dx=\frac{1}{2}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}dx-\frac{1}{2}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}cos\ 2kxdx=\pi & \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned}&10. \ 设k、l \in N_{+}，且k \neq l.证明：&\end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} &\ \ (1)\ \ \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}cos\ kxsin\ lxdx=0；\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (2)\ \ \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}cos\ kxcos\ lxdx=0；\\\\ &\ \ (3)\ \ \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}sin\ kxsin\ lxdx=0. & \end{aligned}$

解：

$\begin{aligned} &\ \ (1)\ \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}cos\ kxsin\ lxdx=\frac{1}{2}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}[sin(k+l)x-sin(k-l)x]dx=\frac{1}{2}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}sin(k+l)xdx-\frac{1}{2}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}sin(k-l)xdx，\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 根据上题结果可得，\frac{1}{2}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}sin(k+l)xdx-\frac{1}{2}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}sin(k-l)xdx=0\\\\ &\ \ (2)\ \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}cos\ kxcos\ lxdx=\frac{1}{2}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}[cos(k+l)x+cos(k-l)x]dx=\frac{1}{2}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}cos(k+l)xdx+\frac{1}{2}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}cos(k-l)xdx，\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 根据上题结果可得，\frac{1}{2}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}cos(k+l)xdx+\frac{1}{2}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}cos(k-l)xdx=0\\\\ &\ \ (3)\ \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}sin\ kxsin\ lxdx=-\frac{1}{2}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}[cos(k+l)x-cos(k-l)x]dx=-\frac{1}{2}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}cos(k+l)xdx+\frac{1}{2}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}cos(k-l)xdx，\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 根据上题结果可得，-\frac{1}{2}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}cos(k+l)xdx+\frac{1}{2}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}cos(k-l)xdx=0 & \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned}&11. \ 求下列极限：&\end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} &\ \ (1)\ \ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}\frac{\int_{0}^{x}cos\ t^2dt}{x}；\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (2)\ \ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}\frac{\left(\int_{0}^{x}e^{t^2}dt\right)^2}{\int_{0}^{x}te^{2t^2}dt} & \end{aligned}$

解：

$\begin{aligned} &\ \ (1)\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}\frac{\int_{0}^{x}cos\ t^2dt}{x}=\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}\frac{cos\ x^2}{1}=1\\\\ &\ \ (2)\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}\frac{\left(\int_{0}^{x}e^{t^2}dt\right)^2}{\int_{0}^{x}te^{2t^2}dt}=\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}\frac{2e^{x^2}\int_{0}^{x}e^{t^2}dt}{xe^{2x^2}}=\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}\frac{2\int_{0}^{x}e^{t^2}dt}{x}=\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}\frac{2e^{x^2}}{1}=2 & \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned}&12. \ 设f(x)=\begin{cases}x^2，x \in [0, \ 1)，\\\\x，\ \ x \in [1, \ 2].\end{cases}求\Phi(x)=\int_{0}^{x}f(t)dt在[0, \ 2]上的表达式，并讨论\Phi(x)在(0, \ 2)内的连续性.&\end{aligned}$

解：

$\begin{aligned} &\ \ 当x \in [0, \ 1)时，\Phi(x)=\int_{0}^{x}t^2dt=\frac{1}{3}x^3，当x \in [1, \ 2]时，\Phi(x)=\int_{0}^{1}t^2dt+\int_{1}^{x}tdt=\frac{1}{2}x^2-\frac{1}{6}，\\\\ &\ \ 即\Phi(x)=\begin{cases}\frac{1}{3}x^3，\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ x \in [0, \ 1)，\\\\\frac{1}{2}x^2-\frac{1}{6}，\ \ x \in [1, \ 2].\end{cases}，因为\lim_{x \rightarrow 1^{-}}\Phi(x)=\lim_{x \rightarrow 1^{-}}\frac{1}{3}x^3=\frac{1}{3}，\lim_{x \rightarrow 1^{+}}\Phi(x)=\lim_{x \rightarrow 1^{+}}\left(\frac{1}{2}x^2-\frac{1}{6}\right)=\frac{1}{3}，\\\\ &\ \ 且\Phi(1)=\frac{1}{3}，所以\Phi(x)在x=1处连续，也在其他点处连续，因此，\Phi(x)在(0, \ 2)内连续。 & \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned}&13. \ 设f(x)=\begin{cases}\frac{1}{2}sin\ x，0 \le x \le \pi，\\\\0，\ \ \ \ \ \ \ x \lt 0或x \gt \pi.\end{cases}求\Phi(x)=\int_{0}^{x}f(t)dt在(-\infty, \ +\infty)内的表达式.&\end{aligned}$

解：

$\begin{aligned} &\ \ 当x \lt 0时，\Phi(x)=\int_{0}^{x}f(t)dt=0，当0 \le x \le \pi时，\Phi(x)=\int_{0}^{x}f(t)dt=\int_{0}^{x}\frac{1}{2}sin\ tdt=\frac{1-cos\ x}{2}，\\\\ &\ \ 当x \gt \pi时，\Phi(x)=\int_{0}^{x}f(t)dt=\int_{0}^{\pi}f(t)dt+\int_{\pi}^{x}f(t)dt=\int_{0}^{\pi}\frac{1}{2}sin\ tdt=1，\\\\ &\ \ 即\Phi(x)=\begin{cases}0，\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ x \lt 0，\\\\ \frac{1-cos\ x}{2}，0 \le x \le \pi，\\\\1，\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ x \gt \pi \end{cases} & \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned}&14. \ 设f(x)在[a, \ b]上连续，在(a, \ b)内可导且f'(x) \le 0，F(x)=\frac{1}{x-a}\int_{a}^{x}f(t)dt.证明在(a, \ b)内有F'(x) \le 0.&\end{aligned}$

解：

$\begin{aligned} &\ \ F'(x)=\frac{1}{(x-a)^2}\left((x-a)f(x)-\int_{a}^{x}f(t)dt\right)=\frac{1}{(x-a)^2}((x-a)f(x)-(x-a)f(\xi))\ (\xi \in (a, \ x) \subset [a, \ b])\\\\ &\ \ =\frac{x-\xi}{x-a}f'(\eta)\ (\eta \in (\xi, \ x) \subset(a, \ b))\\\\ &\ \ 根据已知条件f'(x) \le 0，可得F'(x) \le 0. & \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned}&15. \ 设F(x)=\int_{0}^{x}\frac{sin\ t}{t}dt，求F'(0).&\end{aligned}$

解：

$\begin{aligned} &\ \ F'(0)=\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}\frac{F(x)-F(0)}{x}=\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}\frac{\int_{0}^{x}\frac{sin\ t}{t}dt}{x}=\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}\frac{\frac{sin\ x}{x}}{1}=1 & \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned}&16. \ 设f(x)在[0, \ +\infty)内连续，且\lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}f(x)=1.证明函数y=e^{-x}\int_{0}^{x}e^tf(t)dt满足方程\frac{dy}{dx}+y=f(x)，\\\\&\ \ \ \ \ \ 并求\lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}y(x).&\end{aligned}$

解：

$\begin{aligned} &\ \ \frac{dy}{dx}=-e^{-x}\int_{0}^{x}e^tf(t)dt+e^{-x}\cdot e^xf(x)=-y+f(x)，因此，函数y=e^{-x}\int_{0}^{x}e^tf(t)dt满足方程\frac{dy}{dx}+y=f(x)\\\\ &\ \ 因为\lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}f(x)=1，从而存在N \gt 0，当x \gt N时，有f(x) \gt \frac{1}{2}，因此，\\\\ &\ \ \int_{0}^{x}e^tf(t)dt=\int_{0}^{N}e^tf(t)dt+\int_{N}^{x}e^tf(t)dt \ge \int_{0}^{N}e^tf(t)dt+\int_{N}^{x}\frac{1}{2}e^Ndt =\int_{0}^{N}e^tf(t)dt+\frac{1}{2}e^N(x-N)，\\\\ &\ \ 当x \rightarrow +\infty时，\int_{0}^{x}e^tf(t)dt \rightarrow +\infty，通过洛必达法则，可得\lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}y(x)=\lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}\frac{\int_{0}^{x}e^tf(t)dt}{e^x}=\lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}\frac{e^xf(x)}{e^x}=1 & \end{aligned}$