C++的智能指针,让码农们不再new一个对象,就要考虑什么时候调用delete,真的是香。
那么,既然香,它的原理是啥呢?根据其头文件,这里实现一个简化版的智能指针,更容易理解其原理。
智能指针shared_ptr,原理是,做引用计数,多一个引用就加1,少一个引用,就减去1,当引用计数为0,则认为没有人用了,就主动调用delete,完成对象释放
。
直接上带码,带码中加了很多注释。涉及2个文件:
SharedPtr.h,即智能指针的头文件
#include<iostream>
#include<mutex>
#include<thread>
using namespace std;
/**
* 智能指针,基于
* 类模板, 虚拟类型名为T
* */
template<class T>
class SharePtr {
public:
SharePtr(T* ptr = nullptr)//初始化模板类对象,把托管对象的指针T带进来
:_pPtr(ptr)//参数初始化
, _pRefCount(new int(1))
, _pMutex(new mutex)
{
std::cout << "SharePtr construct..., origin init" << std::endl;
}
~SharePtr()
{
std::cout << "SharePtr destruct..." << std::endl;
release();
}
SharePtr(const SharePtr<T>& sp)
:_pPtr(sp._pPtr)
, _pRefCount(sp._pRefCount)
, _pMutex(sp._pMutex)
{
std::cout << "SharePtr construct..., copy other sharePtr" << std::endl;
addRefCount();
}
SharePtr<T>& operator=(const SharePtr<T>& sp)//重载 赋值运算符=
{
std::cout << "operator=" << std::endl;
if (_pPtr != sp._pPtr) {
std::cout << "operator=, will call release" << std::endl;
// 释放管理的旧资源
release();
// 共享管理新对象的资源,并增加引用计数
_pPtr = sp._pPtr;
_pRefCount = sp._pRefCount;
_pMutex = sp._pMutex;
addRefCount();
}
return *this;
}
T& operator*() {//重载运算符*
return *_pPtr;
}
T* operator->() {//重载运算符->,也就是_pPtr指向啥, 本模板类也指向啥
std::cout << "operator ->" << std::endl;
return _pPtr;
}
T* Get() {//获取托管对象的指针
return _pPtr;
}
private:
void addRefCount() {//计数器加1
_pMutex->lock();
++(*_pRefCount);
std::cout << "addRefCount, now ref count " << (*_pRefCount) << std::endl;
_pMutex->unlock();
}
void release() {计数器加1
std::cout << "release, current _pRefCount " << (*_pRefCount) << std::endl;
bool deleteflag = false;
_pMutex->lock();
if (--(*_pRefCount) == 0)
{
std::cout << "will delete _pPtr " << std::endl;
delete _pRefCount;
delete _pPtr;
deleteflag = true;
}
_pMutex->unlock();
if (deleteflag == true)
delete _pMutex;
}
private:
int *_pRefCount;//引用计数
T* _pPtr;//指向内容对象的指针
mutex* _pMutex;//锁
};
main.cpp,测试的binary
#include "SharedPtr.h"
/**
* 简单的类,准备用于被智能指针使用
* */
class Test {
public:
Test() {
std::cout << "Test class construct" << std::endl;
}
~Test() {
std::cout << "Test class destruct" << std::endl;
}
void printSomething() {
std::cout << "Test printSomething" << std::endl;
}
};
void doSomeTest(SharePtr<Test> pTest) {
std::cout << "doSomeTest call" << std::endl;
SharePtr<Test> pInnerTest = pTest;//相当于SharePtr<Test> pInnerTest(pTest), 这种写法,不会用到operator=
std::cout << "will make an emptyPtr" << std::endl;
SharePtr<Test> pInnerTest2;//当这样写,和java不一样的是,会实例话一个类模板的对象, 可以看打印日志来确认,当然了
std::cout << "will set pInnerTest2" << std::endl;
pInnerTest2 = pTest;//这种先建立变量,再赋值的写法,才会用到赋值运算符=
pInnerTest->printSomething();//当这个函数执行结束,pTest和pInnerTest的生命周期就会结束,会调用析构
std::cout << "will make one test" << std::endl;
Test test;//这两句测试想说明的是,和Java不同,在函数内部声明一个类引用,就会初始化一个对象,不过是栈上分配,函数结束,就会释放
test.printSomething();
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
//Test* test(new Test());
std::cout << "main start, will init SharePtr" << std::endl;
SharePtr<Test> originPtr(new Test());
std::cout << "will call doSomeTest" << std::endl;
doSomeTest(originPtr);
std::cout << "main end" << std::endl;
return 0;
}
如何自己运行
在Ubuntu下,将上面2个文件,放到一个目录里,执行
g++ main.cpp -o out
就会生成out的一个可执行程序,然后执行:
./out
日志打印:
main start, will init SharePtr
Test class construct
SharePtr construct..., origin init
will call doSomeTest
SharePtr construct..., copy other sharePtr
addRefCount, now ref count 2
doSomeTest call
SharePtr construct..., copy other sharePtr
addRefCount, now ref count 3
will make an emptyPtr
SharePtr construct..., origin init
will set pInnerTest2
operator=
operator=, will call release
release, current _pRefCount 1
will delete _pPtr
addRefCount, now ref count 4
operator ->
Test printSomething
will make one test
Test class construct
Test printSomething
Test class destruct
SharePtr destruct...
release, current _pRefCount 4
SharePtr destruct...
release, current _pRefCount 3
SharePtr destruct...
release, current _pRefCount 2
main end
SharePtr destruct...
release, current _pRefCount 1
will delete _pPtr
Test class destruct
总结
要实现智能指针,其关键变量有三个:
a) 指向托管对象的指针
b) 引用计数变量的指针,即一个int指针
c) 锁,用来计数或者释放对象等关键操作时加锁
关键函数,有
a) 重载这两个运算符= ->
b) 构造函数写两个,一个是参数为托管对象的指针,一个是参数为智能指针本身
c) 引用计数加
d) 引用计数减,以及减到0时释放托管对象