#进阶7:子查询
/*
含义:
出现在其他语句中的select语句,称为子查询或内查询
外部的查询语句,称为主查询或外查询
分类:
按子查询出现的位置:
select后面:
仅仅支持标量子查询
from后面:
支持表子查询
where或having后面:--重点
标量子查询-(单行)-重点
列子查询(多行)--重点
行子查询
exists后面(相关子查询):
表子查询
按结果集的行列数不同:
标量子查询(结果集只有一行一列)
列子查询(结果集只有一列多行)
行子查询(结果集有一行多列)
表子查询(结果集一般为多行多列)
*/
#一、where或having后面
/*1、标量子查询(单行子查询)
2、列子查询(多行子查询)
3、行子查询(多列多行)
特点:
(1)子查询放在小括号内
(2)子查询一般放在条件右侧
(3)标量子查询,一般搭配着单行操作符使用
> < >= <= = <>
列子查询,一般搭配着多行操作符使用
in、 any/some、all
(4)子查询的执行优先于主查询 执行,主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果
*/
#1、标量子查询
#案例1:谁的工资比Abel高
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name='Abel'
);
#案例2:返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工姓名,job_id和工资
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id=(
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=141
)AND salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id =143
);
#案例3:返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
);
#案例4:查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=50
);
#非法使用标量子查询
#2、列子查询(多行子查询)
#案例1:返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中所有员工姓名
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
);
#或
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id =ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
);
#案例2:返回其他工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id以及salary
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
)AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#或
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
)AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#案例3:返回其他部门中比job_id 为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id以及salary
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ALL(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
)AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#或
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
)AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#3、行子查询(结果集一行多列或多行多列)
#案例:查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
)AND salary=(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
#或
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
#二、select后面
/*
仅仅支持标量子查询(一行一列)
*/
#案例:查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT d.*,(
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees e
WHERE e.department_id=d.`department_id`
)个数
FROM departments d;
#案例2:查询员工号=102的部门名
SELECT (
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON d.department_id=e.department_id
WHERE e.employee_id=102
) 部门名;
#三、from 后面
/*
将子查询结果充当一张表,要求必须起别名
*/
#案例:查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
select ag_dep.*,g.`grade_level`
from (
select avg(salary) ag,department_id
from employees
group by department_id
)ag_dep
inner join job_grades g
on ag_dep.ag between lowest_sal and highest_sal;
#四、exists后面(相关子查询)
/*
语法:
exists(完整的查询语句)
结果
1或者0
*/
select exists(select employee_id from employees);
SELECT EXISTS(SELECT employee_id FROM employees where salary=3000000);
#案例1:查询有员工的部门名
#exists
select department_name
from departments d
where exists(
select *
from employees e
where d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
)
#in
select department_name
from departments d
where d.`department_id` in(
select department_id
from employees
);