从零写u-boot，用于启动内核

开篇：
提高启动速度：
1.增大时钟频率，将FCLK由200Mhz提高到400Mhz,但是效果不明显
2.启动icahe（指令高速缓存）
/* 启动ICACHE   可以大大加快启动速度 仿照u-boot*/
mrc p15, 0, r0, c1, c0, 0@ read control reg
orr r0, r0, #(1<<12)
mcr p15, 0, r0, c1, c0, 0   @ write it back
说明：icahe的作用：cpu会去内存读取指令，但如果开启了icahe，cpu就会将一部分指令放入icahe                                       中，这样下次再运行这些指令时，就直接取出这些复本运行。

  dcahe作用类似：但每次都需要在开启mmu的情况下才能启动。

<span style="font-size:18px;">@******************************************************************************
@ File：start.S
@ 功能：参照U-boot的第一阶段代码，执行各种初始化，跳到boot.c中
@******************************************************************************       
#define S3C2440_MPLL_200MHZ     ((0x5c<<12)|(0x01<<4)|(0x02))
#define S3C2440_MPLL_400MHZ     ((0x5c<<12)|(0x01<<4)|(0x01))
#define MEM_CTL_BASE    0x48000000


.text
.global _start
_start:


/* 1. 关看门狗 */
	ldr r0, =0x53000000
	mov r1, #0
	str r1, [r0]


/* 2. 设置时钟 */
	ldr r0, =0x4c000014
	//	mov r1, #0x03;			  // FCLK:HCLK:PCLK=1:2:4, HDIVN=1,PDIVN=1
	mov r1, #0x05;			  // FCLK:HCLK:PCLK=1:4:8
	str r1, [r0]


	/* 如果HDIVN非0，CPU的总线模式应该从“fast bus mode”变为“asynchronous bus mode” */
	mrc	p15, 0, r1, c1, c0, 0		/* 读出控制寄存器 */ 
	orr	r1, r1, #0xc0000000			/* 设置为“asynchronous bus mode” */
	mcr	p15, 0, r1, c1, c0, 0		/* 写入控制寄存器 */


	/* MPLLCON = S3C2440_MPLL_200MHZ */
	ldr r0, =0x4c000004
	ldr r1, =S3C2440_MPLL_400MHZ
	str r1, [r0]


	/* 启动ICACHE   可以大大加快启动速度*/
	mrc p15, 0, r0, c1, c0, 0	@ read control reg
	orr r0, r0, #(1<<12)
	mcr	p15, 0, r0, c1, c0, 0   @ write it back




/* 3. 初始化SDRAM */
	ldr r0, =MEM_CTL_BASE
	adr r1, sdram_config     /* sdram_config的当前地址 */
	add r3, r0, #(13*4)
1:
	ldr r2, [r1], #4
	str r2, [r0], #4
	cmp r0, r3
	bne 1b


/* 4. 重定位 : 把bootloader本身的代码从flash复制到它的链接地址去 */
	ldr sp, =0x34000000


	bl nand_init


	mov r0, #0
	ldr r1, =_start
	ldr r2, =__bss_start
	sub r2, r2, r1
	
	bl copy_code_to_sdram
	bl clear_bss
	
/* 5. 执行main */
	ldr lr, =halt
	ldr pc, =main
halt:
	b halt


sdram_config:
	.long 0x22011110	 //BWSCON
	.long 0x00000700	 //BANKCON0
	.long 0x00000700	 //BANKCON1
	.long 0x00000700	 //BANKCON2
	.long 0x00000700	 //BANKCON3  
	.long 0x00000700	 //BANKCON4
	.long 0x00000700	 //BANKCON5
	.long 0x00018005	 //BANKCON6
	.long 0x00018005	 //BANKCON7
	.long 0x008C04F4	 // REFRESH
	.long 0x000000B1	 //BANKSIZE
	.long 0x00000030	 //MRSRB6
	.long 0x00000030	 //MRSRB7
</span>

<span style="font-size:18px;">@******************************************************************************
@ File：init.c
@ 功能：各种初始化的函数实现,为head.s和main.c提供接口。
@******************************************************************************       
/* NAND FLASH控制器 */
#define NFCONF (*((volatile unsigned long *)0x4E000000))
#define NFCONT (*((volatile unsigned long *)0x4E000004))
#define NFCMMD (*((volatile unsigned char *)0x4E000008))
#define NFADDR (*((volatile unsigned char *)0x4E00000C))
#define NFDATA (*((volatile unsigned char *)0x4E000010))
#define NFSTAT (*((volatile unsigned char *)0x4E000020))


/* GPIO */
#define GPHCON              (*(volatile unsigned long *)0x56000070)
#define GPHUP               (*(volatile unsigned long *)0x56000078)


/* UART registers*/
#define ULCON0              (*(volatile unsigned long *)0x50000000)
#define UCON0               (*(volatile unsigned long *)0x50000004)
#define UFCON0              (*(volatile unsigned long *)0x50000008)
#define UMCON0              (*(volatile unsigned long *)0x5000000c)
#define UTRSTAT0            (*(volatile unsigned long *)0x50000010)
#define UTXH0               (*(volatile unsigned char *)0x50000020)
#define URXH0               (*(volatile unsigned char *)0x50000024)
#define UBRDIV0             (*(volatile unsigned long *)0x50000028)


#define TXD0READY   (1<<2)




void nand_read(unsigned int addr, unsigned char *buf, unsigned int len);




int isBootFromNorFlash(void)
{
	volatile int *p = (volatile int *)0;
	int val;


	val = *p;
	*p = 0x12345678;
	if (*p == 0x12345678)
	{
		/* 写成功, 是nand启动 */
		*p = val;
		return 0;
	}
	else
	{
		/* NOR不能像内存一样写 */
		return 1;
	}
}


void copy_code_to_sdram(unsigned char *src, unsigned char *dest, unsigned int len)
{	
	int i = 0;
	
	/* 如果是NOR启动 */
	if (isBootFromNorFlash())
	{
		while (i < len)
		{
			dest[i] = src[i];
			i++;
		}
	}
	else
	{
		//nand_init();
		nand_read((unsigned int)src, dest, len);
	}
}


void clear_bss(void)
{
	extern int __bss_start, __bss_end;
	int *p = &__bss_start;
	
	for (; p < &__bss_end; p++)
		*p = 0;
}


void nand_init(void)
{
#define TACLS   0
#define TWRPH0  1
#define TWRPH1  0
	/* 设置时序 */
	NFCONF = (TACLS<<12)|(TWRPH0<<8)|(TWRPH1<<4);
	/* 使能NAND Flash控制器, 初始化ECC, 禁止片选 */
	NFCONT = (1<<4)|(1<<1)|(1<<0);	
}


void nand_select(void)
{
	NFCONT &= ~(1<<1);	
}


void nand_deselect(void)
{
	NFCONT |= (1<<1);	
}


void nand_cmd(unsigned char cmd)
{
	volatile int i;
	NFCMMD = cmd;
	for (i = 0; i < 10; i++);
}


void nand_addr(unsigned int addr)
{
	unsigned int col  = addr % 2048;
	unsigned int page = addr / 2048;
	volatile int i;


	NFADDR = col & 0xff;
	for (i = 0; i < 10; i++);
	NFADDR = (col >> 8) & 0xff;
	for (i = 0; i < 10; i++);
	
	NFADDR  = page & 0xff;
	for (i = 0; i < 10; i++);
	NFADDR  = (page >> 8) & 0xff;
	for (i = 0; i < 10; i++);
	NFADDR  = (page >> 16) & 0xff;
	for (i = 0; i < 10; i++);	
}


void nand_wait_ready(void)
{
	while (!(NFSTAT & 1));
}


unsigned char nand_data(void)
{
	return NFDATA;
}


void nand_read(unsigned int addr, unsigned char *buf, unsigned int len)
{
	int col = addr % 2048;
	int i = 0;
		
	/* 1. 选中 */
	nand_select();


	while (i < len)
	{
		/* 2. 发出读命令00h */
		nand_cmd(0x00);


		/* 3. 发出地址(分5步发出) */
		nand_addr(addr);


		/* 4. 发出读命令30h */
		nand_cmd(0x30);


		/* 5. 判断状态 */
		nand_wait_ready();


		/* 6. 读数据 */
		for (; (col < 2048) && (i < len); col++)
		{
			buf[i] = nand_data();
			i++;
			addr++;
		}
		
		col = 0;
	}


	/* 7. 取消选中 */		
	nand_deselect();
}


#define PCLK            50000000    // init.c中的clock_init函数设置PCLK为50MHz
#define UART_CLK        PCLK        //  UART0的时钟源设为PCLK
#define UART_BAUD_RATE  115200      // 波特率
#define UART_BRD        ((UART_CLK  / (UART_BAUD_RATE * 16)) - 1)


/*
 * 初始化UART0
 * 115200,8N1,无流控
 */
void uart0_init(void)
{
    GPHCON  |= 0xa0;    // GPH2,GPH3用作TXD0,RXD0
    GPHUP   = 0x0c;     // GPH2,GPH3内部上拉


    ULCON0  = 0x03;     // 8N1(8个数据位，无较验，1个停止位)
    UCON0   = 0x05;     // 查询方式，UART时钟源为PCLK
    UFCON0  = 0x00;     // 不使用FIFO
    UMCON0  = 0x00;     // 不使用流控
    UBRDIV0 = UART_BRD; // 波特率为115200
}


/*
 * 发送一个字符
 */
void putc(unsigned char c)
{
    /* 等待，直到发送缓冲区中的数据已经全部发送出去 */
    while (!(UTRSTAT0 & TXD0READY));
    
    /* 向UTXH0寄存器中写入数据，UART即自动将它发送出去 */
    UTXH0 = c;
}


void puts(char *str)
{
	int i = 0;
	while (str[i])
	{
		putc(str[i]);
		i++;
	}
}


void puthex(unsigned int val)
{
	/* 0x1234abcd */
	int i;
	int j;
	
	puts("0x");


	for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
	{
		j = (val >> ((7-i)*4)) & 0xf;
		if ((j >= 0) && (j <= 9))
			putc('0' + j);
		else
			putc('A' + j - 0xa);
		
	}
	
}
</span>

<span style="font-size:18px;">
@******************************************************************************
@ File：main.c
@ 功能：1.仿照u-boot设置启动参数 2.从nandflash中读取内核到内存中 3.跳到内存中执行
@******************************************************************************       
#include "setup.h"


extern void uart0_init(void);
extern void nand_read(unsigned int addr, unsigned char *buf, unsigned int len);
extern void puts(char *str);
extern void puthex(unsigned int val);




static struct tag *params;


void setup_start_tag(void)
{
	params = (struct tag *)0x30000100;


	params->hdr.tag = ATAG_CORE;
	params->hdr.size = tag_size (tag_core);


	params->u.core.flags = 0;
	params->u.core.pagesize = 0;
	params->u.core.rootdev = 0;


	params = tag_next (params);
}


void setup_memory_tags(void)
{
	params->hdr.tag = ATAG_MEM;
	params->hdr.size = tag_size (tag_mem32);
	
	params->u.mem.start = 0x30000000;
	params->u.mem.size  = 64*1024*1024;
	
	params = tag_next (params);
}


int strlen(char *str)
{
	int i = 0;
	while (str[i])
	{
		i++;
	}
	return i;
}


void strcpy(char *dest, char *src)
{
	while ((*dest++ = *src++) != '\0');
}


void setup_commandline_tag(char *cmdline)
{
	int len = strlen(cmdline) + 1;
	
	params->hdr.tag  = ATAG_CMDLINE;
	params->hdr.size = (sizeof (struct tag_header) + len + 3) >> 2;


	strcpy (params->u.cmdline.cmdline, cmdline);


	params = tag_next (params);
}


void setup_end_tag(void)
{
	params->hdr.tag = ATAG_NONE;
	params->hdr.size = 0;
}




int main(void)
{
	void (*theKernel)(int zero, int arch, unsigned int params);
	volatile unsigned int *p = (volatile unsigned int *)0x30008000;


	/* 0. 帮内核设置串口: 内核启动的开始部分会从串口打印一些信息,但是内核一开始没有初始化串口 */
	uart0_init();
	
	/* 1. 从NAND FLASH里把内核读入内存 */
	puts("Copy kernel from nand\n\r");
	nand_read(0x60000+64, (unsigned char *)0x30008000, 0x200000);
	puthex(0x1234ABCD);
	puts("\n\r");
	puthex(*p);
	puts("\n\r");


	/* 2. 设置参数 */
	puts("Set boot params\n\r");
	setup_start_tag();
	setup_memory_tags();
	setup_commandline_tag("noinitrd root=/dev/mtdblock3 init=/linuxrc console=ttySAC0");
	setup_end_tag();


	/* 3. 跳转执行 */
	puts("Boot kernel\n\r");
	theKernel = (void (*)(int, int, unsigned int))0x30008000;
	theKernel(0, 362, 0x30000100);  
	/* 
	 *  mov r0, #0
	 *  ldr r1, =362
	 *  ldr r2, =0x30000100
	 *  mov pc, #0x30008000 
	 */


	puts("Error!\n\r");
	/* 如果一切正常, 不会执行到这里 */


	return -1;
}
</span>

<span style="font-size:18px;">
Makefile：
CC      = arm-linux-gcc
LD      = arm-linux-ld
AR      = arm-linux-ar
OBJCOPY = arm-linux-objcopy
OBJDUMP = arm-linux-objdump


CFLAGS 		:= -Wall -O2
CPPFLAGS   	:= -nostdinc -nostdlib -fno-builtin


objs := start.o init.o boot.o


boot.bin: $(objs)
	${LD} -Tboot.lds -o boot.elf $^
	${OBJCOPY} -O binary -S boot.elf $@
	${OBJDUMP} -D -m arm boot.elf > boot.dis
	
%.o:%.c
	${CC} $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<


%.o:%.S
	${CC} $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<


clean:
	rm -f *.o *.bin *.elf *.dis
	
</span>

<span style="font-size:18px;">

脚本文件：
SECTIONS {
    . = 0x33f80000;
    .text : { *(.text) }
    
    . = ALIGN(4);
    .rodata : {*(.rodata*)} 
    
    . = ALIGN(4);
    .data : { *(.data) }
    
    . = ALIGN(4);
    __bss_start = .;
    .bss : { *(.bss)  *(COMMON) }
    __bss_end = .;
}</span>