RSA密钥生成

本博客以mbedtls crypto库为参考介绍RSA密钥对的生成过程。主要可以分为两部分，第一部分是寻找质数和，第二部分是根据和计算公钥和私钥，如下所示生成RSA密钥对的函数。

/*
 * Generate an RSA keypair
 *
 * This generation method follows the RSA key pair generation procedure of
 * FIPS 186-4 if 2^16 < exponent < 2^256 and nbits = 2048 or nbits = 3072.
 */
int mbedtls_rsa_gen_key( mbedtls_rsa_context *ctx,
                 int (*f_rng)(void *, unsigned char *, size_t),
                 void *p_rng,
                 unsigned int nbits, int exponent )
{
    int ret;
    mbedtls_mpi H, G, L;
    int prime_quality = 0;
    RSA_VALIDATE_RET( ctx != NULL );
    RSA_VALIDATE_RET( f_rng != NULL );

    if( nbits < 128 || exponent < 3 || nbits % 2 != 0 )
        return( MBEDTLS_ERR_RSA_BAD_INPUT_DATA );

    /*
     * If the modulus is 1024 bit long or shorter, then the security strength of
     * the RSA algorithm is less than or equal to 80 bits and therefore an error
     * rate of 2^-80 is sufficient.
     */
    if( nbits > 1024 )
        prime_quality = MBEDTLS_MPI_GEN_PRIME_FLAG_LOW_ERR;

    mbedtls_mpi_init( &H );
    mbedtls_mpi_init( &G );
    mbedtls_mpi_init( &L );

    /*
     * find primes P and Q with Q < P so that:
     * 1.  |P-Q| > 2^( nbits / 2 - 100 )
     * 2.  GCD( E, (P-1)*(Q-1) ) == 1
     * 3.  E^-1 mod LCM(P-1, Q-1) > 2^( nbits / 2 )
     */
    MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK( mbedtls_mpi_lset( &ctx->E, exponent ) );

    do
    {
        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK( mbedtls_mpi_gen_prime( &ctx->P, nbits >> 1,
                                                prime_quality, f_rng, p_rng ) );

        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK( mbedtls_mpi_gen_prime( &ctx->Q, nbits >> 1,
                                                prime_quality, f_rng, p_rng ) );

        /* make sure the difference between p and q is not too small (FIPS 186-4 §B.3.3 step 5.4) */
        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK( mbedtls_mpi_sub_mpi( &H, &ctx->P, &ctx->Q ) );
        if( mbedtls_mpi_bitlen( &H ) <= ( ( nbits >= 200 ) ? ( ( nbits >> 1 ) - 99 ) : 0 ) )
            continue;

        /* not required by any standards, but some users rely on the fact that P > Q */
        if( H.s < 0 )
            mbedtls_mpi_swap( &ctx->P, &ctx->Q );

        /* Temporarily replace P,Q by P-1, Q-1 */
        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK( mbedtls_mpi_sub_int( &ctx->P, &ctx->P, 1 ) );
        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK( mbedtls_mpi_sub_int( &ctx->Q, &ctx->Q, 1 ) );
        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK( mbedtls_mpi_mul_mpi( &H, &ctx->P, &ctx->Q ) );

        /* check GCD( E, (P-1)*(Q-1) ) == 1 (FIPS 186-4 §B.3.1 criterion 2(a)) */
        MBEDTLS_MPI_CHK( mbedtls_mpi_gcd( &G, &ctx->E, &H  ) );
        if( mbedtls_mpi_cmp_int( &G, 1