Codeforces Round #356 (Div. 1) 题解(待补)

Bear and Prime 100

This is an interactive problem. In the output section below you will see the information about flushing the output.

Bear Limak thinks of some hidden number — an integer from interval [2, 100]. Your task is to say if the hidden number is prime or composite.

Integer x > 1 is called prime if it has exactly two distinct divisors, 1 and x. If integer x > 1 is not prime, it’s called composite.

You can ask up to 20 queries about divisors of the hidden number. In each query you should print an integer from interval [2, 100]. The system will answer “yes” if your integer is a divisor of the hidden number. Otherwise, the answer will be “no”.

For example, if the hidden number is 14 then the system will answer “yes” only if you print 2, 7 or 14.

When you are done asking queries, print “prime” or “composite” and terminate your program.

You will get the Wrong Answer verdict if you ask more than 20 queries, or if you print an integer not from the range [2, 100]. Also, you will get the Wrong Answer verdict if the printed answer isn’t correct.

You will get the Idleness Limit Exceeded verdict if you don’t print anything (but you should) or if you forget about flushing the output (more info below).
第一次做交互题。
100以内有25个质数,所以考虑合数,100以内的一个数是合数当且仅当它为2,3,5,7的倍数。

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define For(i,n) for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
#define Fork(i,k,n) for(int i=k;i<=n;i++)
#define Rep(i,n) for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
#define ForD(i,n) for(int i=n;i;i--)
#define ForkD(i,k,n) for(int i=n;i>=k;i--)
#define RepD(i,n) for(int i=n;i>=0;i--)
#define Forp(x) for(int p=Pre[x];p;p=Next[p])
#define Forpiter(x) for(int &p=iter[x];p;p=Next[p])  
#define Lson (o<<1)
#define Rson ((o<<1)+1)
#define MEM(a) memset(a,0,sizeof(a));
#define MEMI(a) memset(a,127,sizeof(a));
#define MEMi(a) memset(a,128,sizeof(a));
#define INF (2139062143)
#define F (100000007)
#define pb push_back
#define mp make_pair 
#define fi first
#define se second
#define vi vector<int> 
#define pi pair<int,int>
#define SI(a) ((a).size())
typedef long long ll;
typedef unsigned long long ull;
ll mul(ll a,ll b){return (a*b)%F;}
ll add(ll a,ll b){return (a+b)%F;}
ll sub(ll a,ll b){return (a-b+llabs(a-b)/F*F+F)%F;}
void upd(ll &a,ll b){a=(a%F+b%F)%F;}
int read()
{
    int x=0,f=1; char ch=getchar();
    while(!isdigit(ch)) {if (ch=='-') f=-1; ch=getchar();}
    while(isdigit(ch)) { x=x*10+ch-'0'; ch=getchar();}
    return x*f;
} 
#define MAXN (100+10)
int p[MAXN],tot;
bool b[MAXN]={0};
void make_prime(int n)
{
    tot=0; 
    Fork(i,2,n)
    {
        if (!b[i]) p[++tot]=i;
        For(j,tot)
        {
            if (i*p[j]>n) break;
            b[i*p[j]]=1;
            if (i%p[j]==0) {
                break;
            }  
        }
    }
}
int main()
{
//  freopen("A.in","r",stdin);
//  freopen(".out","w",stdout);
    make_prime(100);
//  For(i,tot) cout<<p[i]<<' ';

//  cout<<tot<<endl;

    bool flag=0;
    For(i,4) {
        cout<<p[i]<<endl;
        fflush(stdout);

        char response[10];
        scanf("%s", response);
        if (strcmp(response, "no") == 0) continue;
        bool flag=0;
        For(j,tot) {
            if (p[i]*p[j]>100) break;
            printf("%d\n", p[i]*p[j]);
            fflush(stdout);

            char response[10];
            scanf("%s", response);
            if (strcmp(response, "no") == 0) continue;
            else {
                puts("composite");fflush(stdout); return 0;
            }
        }    
        puts("prime");fflush(stdout);    return 0;
    }
    puts("prime"); fflush(stdout);   return 0;



    return 0;
}

Bear and Tower of Cubes

Limak is a little polar bear. He plays by building towers from blocks. Every block is a cube with positive integer length of side. Limak has infinitely many blocks of each side length.

A block with side a has volume a3. A tower consisting of blocks with sides a1, a2, …, ak has the total volume a13 + a23 + … + ak3.

Limak is going to build a tower. First, he asks you to tell him a positive integer X — the required total volume of the tower. Then, Limak adds new blocks greedily, one by one. Each time he adds the biggest block such that the total volume doesn’t exceed X.

Limak asks you to choose X not greater than m. Also, he wants to maximize the number of blocks in the tower at the end (however, he still behaves greedily). Secondarily, he wants to maximize X.

Can you help Limak? Find the maximum number of blocks his tower can have and the maximum X ≤ m that results this number of blocks.
1 ≤ m ≤ 10^15

对于1个X,要么取最大的v[x],要么取次大的v[x-1],再小的一定不优
官方证明http://codeforces.com/blog/entry/45310

Bear and Square Grid

给一个n*n的矩阵,有一些地方是障碍,你可以移除一个k*k的子矩阵的所有障碍,问之后的最大连通块大小。
n<=500
枚举k*k的子矩阵位置,每次向一个方向移一格,暴力处理相邻4k个方格的连通块,
复杂度 O(nk(k+n))

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define For(i,n) for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
#define Fork(i,k,n) for(int i=k;i<=n;i++)
#define Rep(i,n) for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
#define ForD(i,n) for(int i=n;i;i--)
#define ForkD(i,k,n) for(int i=n;i>=k;i--)
#define RepD(i,n) for(int i=n;i>=0;i--)
#define Forp(x) for(int p=Pre[x];p;p=Next[p])
#define Forpiter(x) for(int &p=iter[x];p;p=Next[p])  
#define Lson (o<<1)
#define Rson ((o<<1)+1)
#define MEM(a) memset(a,0,sizeof(a));
#define MEMI(a) memset(a,127,sizeof(a));
#define MEMi(a) memset(a,128,sizeof(a));
#define INF (2139062143)
#define F (100000007)
#define pb push_back
#define mp make_pair 
#define fi first
#define se second
#define vi vector<int> 
#define pi pair<int,int>
#define SI(a) ((a).size())
typedef long long ll;
typedef unsigned long long ull;
ll mul(ll a,ll b){return (a*b)%F;}
ll add(ll a,ll b){return (a+b)%F;}
ll sub(ll a,ll b){return (a-b+llabs(a-b)/F*F+F)%F;}
void upd(ll &a,ll b){a=(a%F+b%F)%F;}
int read()
{
    int x=0,f=1; char ch=getchar();
    while(!isdigit(ch)) {if (ch=='-') f=-1; ch=getchar();}
    while(isdigit(ch)) { x=x*10+ch-'0'; ch=getchar();}
    return x*f;
} 
#define MAXN (510)
int n,k;
int a[MAXN][MAXN],c_sz[MAXN*MAXN]={0},c[MAXN][MAXN]={0};
int dir[4][2]={{0,1},{0,-1},{1,0},{-1,0}};
int mark[MAXN*MAXN]={0};
bool inside(int x,int y) {
    return 0<min(x,y)&&max(x,y)<=n;
}
void dfs(int x,int y,int col) {
    c[x][y]=col;
    c_sz[col]++;
    Rep(di,4) {
        int nx=x+dir[di][0],ny=y+dir[di][1];
        if (inside(nx,ny)&&a[nx][ny]&&!c[nx][ny]) dfs(nx,ny,col);
    }
}
void modi(int x,int y,int t,int &ans) {
    int id=c[x][y];
//  cout<<x<<' '<<y<<endl;
    if (!inside(x,y)||!a[x][y]) return;

    if (mark[id]!=t) {
        mark[id]=t;
        ans+=c_sz[id];
    }
}
int main()
{
//  freopen("C.in","r",stdin);
//  freopen(".out","w",stdout);

    cin>>n>>k;
    For(i,n) {
        char s[MAXN];
        cin>>(s+1);
        For(j,n) a[i][j]=(s[j]=='.');
    }
    int tot=0;
    For(i,n) For(j,n) if (a[i][j]&&c[i][j]==0) {
        dfs(i,j,++tot);
    } 

    int bestans=0,cur_time=1;
    For(i,n-k+1) {

        Fork(x,i,i+k-1)
            For(y,k) {
                if (c[x][y]) --c_sz[c[x][y]];
            }

        For(j,n-k+1) {
            int ans=0;
            For(l,k) {
                modi(i-1,j+l-1,cur_time,ans);
                modi(i+k,j+l-1,cur_time,ans);
                modi(i+l-1,j-1,cur_time,ans);
                modi(i+l-1,j+k,cur_time,ans);
            }   
            bestans=max(bestans,ans);       
            ++cur_time;

            if (j<n-k+1)
                For(l,k) {
                    if (c[i+l-1][j]) ++c_sz[c[i+l-1][j]];
                    if (c[i+l-1][j+k]) --c_sz[c[i+l-1][j+k]];
                }   
        }

        Fork(x,i,i+k-1)
            Fork(y,n-k+1,n) {
                if (c[x][y]) ++c_sz[c[x][y]];
            }

    }
    cout<<bestans+k*k<<endl;

    return 0;
}

Bear and Chase

算清楚概率 O(n3) 暴力
假设从g1出发到距离为d的点,明天要考虑的只有距离为d-1,d,d+1的,
对每个g1来说1个点最多考虑3次
其实还是要算清楚概率
PS:Tutorial http://codeforces.com/blog/entry/45310
官解写的略诡异看不出来,后来自己写了一遍发现式子一样。。。

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define For(i,n) for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
#define Fork(i,k,n) for(int i=k;i<=n;i++)
#define Rep(i,n) for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
#define ForD(i,n) for(int i=n;i;i--)
#define ForkD(i,k,n) for(int i=n;i>=k;i--)
#define RepD(i,n) for(int i=n;i>=0;i--)
#define Forp(x) for(int p=Pre[x];p;p=Next[p])
#define Forpiter(x) for(int &p=iter[x];p;p=Next[p])  
#define Lson (o<<1)
#define Rson ((o<<1)+1)
#define MEM(a) memset(a,0,sizeof(a));
#define MEMI(a) memset(a,127,sizeof(a));
#define MEMi(a) memset(a,128,sizeof(a));
#define INF (2139062143)
#define F (100000007)
#define pb push_back
#define mp make_pair 
#define fi first
#define se second
#define vi vector<int> 
#define pi pair<int,int>
#define SI(a) ((a).size())
typedef long long ll;
typedef unsigned long long ull;
ll mul(ll a,ll b){return (a*b)%F;}
ll add(ll a,ll b){return (a+b)%F;}
ll sub(ll a,ll b){return (a-b+llabs(a-b)/F*F+F)%F;}
void upd(ll &a,ll b){a=(a%F+b%F)%F;}
int read()
{
    int x=0,f=1; char ch=getchar();
    while(!isdigit(ch)) {if (ch=='-') f=-1; ch=getchar();}
    while(isdigit(ch)) { x=x*10+ch-'0'; ch=getchar();}
    return x*f;
} 
#define MAXN (410)
vi edges[MAXN];
int n,m,f[MAXN][MAXN];
double pro[MAXN],pro_dis[MAXN];
bool b[MAXN];
double calc(int g1,int d1,int cnt) {
    MEM(pro) MEM(b) MEM(pro_dis)
    vi visit_point;
    For(i,n) if (f[g1][i]==d1) {
        int sz=SI(edges[i]);
        Rep(j,sz) {
            int v=edges[i][j];
            pro[v]+=1./cnt/sz;
            if (!b[v]) b[v]=1,visit_point.pb(v);
        }
    }
    // which city use BGDS tomorrow
    double ans=0;
    For(i,n) {
        int sz=SI(visit_point);
        Rep(j,sz) {
            int v=visit_point[j];
            pro_dis[f[i][v]] =max(pro_dis[f[i][v]],pro[v]);
        }
        double an=0;
        Rep(j,sz) {
            int v=visit_point[j];
            an+=pro_dis[f[i][v]]; 
            pro_dis[f[i][v]]=0;
        }
        ans=max(ans,an);
    }
    return ans;

}
int main()
{
//  freopen("D.in","r",stdin);
//  freopen(".out","w",stdout);
    cin>>n>>m;
    MEMI(f)
    For(i,n) f[i][i]=0;
    For(i,m) {
        int a=read(),b=read();
        f[a][b]=f[b][a]=min(f[a][b],1);
        edges[a].pb(b);
        edges[b].pb(a);
    }
    For(k,n) For(i,n) For(j,n) if (f[i][k]!=INF&&f[k][j]!=INF)
        f[i][j]=min(f[i][j],f[i][k]+f[k][j]);
    double ans=0;
    For(i,n) {
        double nowans=0;
        Rep(d,n+1) {
            int cnt=0;
            For(j,n) if (f[i][j]==d) ++cnt;
            if (!cnt) continue;
            double p=(double)cnt/n;
            // wait tomorrow
            double t=calc(i,d,cnt);
            nowans+=p*max(t,1./cnt);
        }
        ans=max(ans,nowans);
    }
    printf("%.12lf\n",ans);
    return 0;
}
深度学习是机器学习的一个子领域,它基于人工神经网络的研究,特别是利用多层次的神经网络来进行学习和模式识别。深度学习模型能够学习数据的高层次特征,这些特征对于图像和语音识别、自然语言处理、医学图像分析等应用至关重要。以下是深度学习的一些关键概念和组成部分: 1. **神经网络(Neural Networks)**:深度学习的基础是人工神经网络,它是由多个层组成的网络结构,包括输入层、隐藏层和输出层。每个层由多个神经元组成,神经元之间通过权重连接。 2. **前馈神经网络(Feedforward Neural Networks)**:这是最常见的神经网络类型,信息从输入层流向隐藏层,最终到达输出层。 3. **卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Networks, CNNs)**:这种网络特别适合处理具有网格结构的数据,如图像。它们使用卷积层来提取图像的特征。 4. **循环神经网络(Recurrent Neural Networks, RNNs)**:这种网络能够处理序列数据,如时间序列或自然语言,因为它们具有记忆功能,能够捕捉数据中的时间依赖性。 5. **长短期记忆网络(Long Short-Term Memory, LSTM)**:LSTM 是一种特殊的 RNN,它能够学习长期依赖关系,非常适合复杂的序列预测任务。 6. **生成对抗网络(Generative Adversarial Networks, GANs)**:由两个网络组成,一个生成器和一个判别器,它们相互竞争,生成器生成数据,判别器评估数据的真实性。 7. **深度学习框架**:如 TensorFlow、Keras、PyTorch 等,这些框架提供了构建、训练和部署深度学习模型的工具和库。 8. **激活函数(Activation Functions)**:如 ReLU、Sigmoid、Tanh 等,它们在神经网络中用于添加非线性,使得网络能够学习复杂的函数。 9. **损失函数(Loss Functions)**:用于评估模型的预测与真实值之间的差异,常见的损失函数包括均方误差(MSE)、交叉熵(Cross-Entropy)等。 10. **优化算法(Optimization Algorithms)**:如梯度下降(Gradient Descent)、随机梯度下降(SGD)、Adam 等,用于更新网络权重,以最小化损失函数。 11. **正则化(Regularization)**:技术如 Dropout、L1/L2 正则化等,用于防止模型过拟合。 12. **迁移学习(Transfer Learning)**:利用在一个任务上训练好的模型来提高另一个相关任务的性能。 深度学习在许多领域都取得了显著的成就,但它也面临着一些挑战,如对大量数据的依赖、模型的解释性差、计算资源消耗大等。研究人员正在不断探索新的方法来解决这些问题。
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