attain和obtain区别

一、语法问题解答​

  • attain​:主要用作及物动词,表示“达到,得到,实现”,通常用于指经过努力达到某种目标、水平或状态,其宾语多为抽象名词,如目标、理想、成就等。它强调通过不懈努力实现某种重要或不易达到的目的。
  • obtain​:也是及物动词,意为“获得,得到”,常用于指通过努力或恳求得到具体的东西,如信息、物品、许可等。它强调获得的过程和结果,但不一定涉及高度的努力或重大的成就。

二、造句例句​

  1. attain​

    • He has attained a high level of proficiency in English through years of hard work.(他通过多年的刻苦学习,达到了很高的英语水平。)
    • More women are attaining positions of power in politics and business.(越来越多的女性在政治和商业领域获得权力职位。)
    • The company aims to attain a 20% market share within the next five years.(公司计划在未来五年内达到20%的市场份额。)
  2. obtain​

    • We obtained permission from the city council to hold the event.(我们从市议会获得了举办此次活动的许可。)
    • She obtained valuable information from the confidential files.(她从机密文件中获得了宝贵的信息。)
    • To obtain a driver's license, you must pass both the written and driving tests.(要获得驾照,你必须通过笔试和路考。)

三、语法知识延伸​

  • 使用场合​attain更多地用于庄重、正式的场合,强调通过长时间或高强度的努力达到的目标或成就;而obtain则使用范围更广,无论是正式还是非正式场合都可用,强调通过某种手段或努力获得具体的东西。
  • 语义侧重点​attain侧重于“达到”或“实现”某种水平、状态或目标,这种目标往往具有一定的难度或重要性;obtain则侧重于“获得”或“得到”某个具体的东西,这个东西可能是通过请求、购买、努力等多种方式得到的。
  • 搭配对象​:由于语义上的区别,attain后常跟抽象名词作宾语,如目标、成就、水平等;而obtain则既可以跟抽象名词(如信息、许可)也可以跟具体名词(如物品、数据)作宾语。

综上所述,attainobtain虽然都有“获得”之意,但在使用场合、语义侧重点和搭配对象上存在差异。在实际应用中,应根据具体语境和表达需要选择合适的词汇。

Unlike the classical encryption schemes,keys are dispensable in certain PLS technigues, known as the keyless secure strat egy. Sophisticated signal processing techniques such as arti- ficial noise, beamforming,and diversitycan be developed to ensure the secrecy of the MC networks.In the Alice-Bob-Eve model, Alice is the legitimate transmitter, whose intended target is the legitimate receiver Bob,while Eve is the eavesdropper that intercepts the information from Alice to Bob.The secrecy performance is quantified via information leakagei.ethe dif ference of the mutual information between the Alice-Bob and Alice-Eve links. The upper bound of the information leakage is called secrecy capacity realized by a specific distribution of the input symbols, namely,capacity-achieving distribution.The secrecy performance of the diffusion-based MC system with concentration shift keying(CSK)is analyzed from an informa- tion-theoretical point of view,providing two paramount secrecy metrics, i.e., secrecy capacity and secure distance[13].How ever, only the estimation of lower bound secrecy capacity is derived as both links attain their channel capacity.The secrecy capacity highly depends on the system parameters such as the average signal energy,diffusion coefficientand reception duration. Moreover, the distance between the transmitter and the eavesdropper is also an important aspect of secrecy per- formance. For both amplitude and energy detection schemes secure distance is proposed as a secret metricover which the eavesdropper is incapable of signal recovery. Despite the case with CSK,the results of the secure metrics vary with the modulation type(e.g.pulse position,spacetype) and reception mechanism(e.g.passive,partially absorbingper fectly absorbing).For ease of understanding,Figure 3 depicts the modulation types and the corresponding CIRs with different reception mechanisms. Novel signa processing techniques and the biochemical channel properties can further assist the secrecy enhancement in the MC system.The molecular beam forming that avoids information disclosure can be realized via the flow generated in the channel.Besidesnew dimensions of diversity, such as the aforementioned molecular diversity of ionic compounds, can beexploited. Note that the feasibility of these methods can be validated by the derived secrecy metrics.
最新发布
06-13
该论文主要介绍了在某些物理层安全技术中,与传统加密技术不同的是,密钥并不是必须的,这种技术被称为“无密钥安全策略”。通过使用先进的信号处理技术,如人工噪声、波束成形多样性等,可以确保分子通信网络的安全性。文章还介绍了Alice-Bob-Eve模型,其中Alice是合法的发射器,其目标是合法的接收器Bob,而Eve是窃听者,从Alice到Bob的信息进行拦截。通过信息泄漏的度量,即Alice-BobAlice-Eve之间的互信息差异,来量化保密性能。信息泄漏的上界称为特定输入符号分布实现的保密容量。从信息论的角度分析了基于扩散的浓度偏移键控分子通信系统的保密性能,提供了两个重要的保密度量,即保密容量安全距离。然而,只得到了保密容量的下界估计,因为两条链路都达到了其信道容量。保密容量高度依赖于系统参数,如平均信号能量、扩散系数接收持续时间。此外,发射器与窃听者之间的距离也是保密性能的重要方面。对于幅度能量检测方案,提出了安全距离作为一种保密度量,超过这个距离窃听者无法恢复信号。尽管使用CSK的情况,保密度量的结果会随着调制类型(如脉冲位置、空间类型)接收机制(如被动、部分吸收、完全吸收)而有所不同。为了方便理解,图3描述了不同接收机制下的调制类型及其相应的通道冲激响应。此外,新的信号处理技术生物化学通道特性可以进一步提高分子通信系统的保密性。通过通道中产生的流可以实现分子波束成形,避免信息泄露。此外,还可以利用分子离子化合物等新的多样性维度。需要注意的是,这些方法的可行性可以通过推导的保密度量进行验证。
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