静电场高斯定理的数学证明
描述
设在原点有一场源电荷
Q
Q
Q,任取一闭合曲面
S
S
S,设其包围的区域为
Ω
\Omega
Ω,求证:
∯
S
E
⃗
⋅
d
S
⃗
=
q
ε
0
\oiint_S\vec E\cdot d\vec S=\frac q{\varepsilon_0}
∬SE⋅dS=ε0q
证明
(下面的 r 2 r^2 r2均为 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 x^2+y^2+z^2 x2+y2+z2)
首先,据
E
⃗
=
1
4
π
ε
0
Q
r
2
e
⃗
r
=
1
4
π
ε
0
Q
r
2
cos
α
i
⃗
+
1
4
π
ε
0
Q
r
2
cos
β
j
⃗
+
1
4
π
ε
0
Q
r
2
cos
γ
k
⃗
\begin{aligned} \vec E&=\frac1{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{Q}{r^2}\vec e_r\\ &=\frac1{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{Q}{r^2}\cos\alpha\vec i +\frac1{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{Q}{r^2}\cos\beta\vec j +\frac1{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{Q}{r^2}\cos\gamma\vec k \end{aligned}
E=4πε01r2Qer=4πε01r2Qcosαi+4πε01r2Qcosβj+4πε01r2Qcosγk
其中,
cos
α
=
x
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
,
cos
β
=
y
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
,
cos
γ
=
z
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
\cos\alpha=\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}},\cos\beta=\frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}},\cos\gamma=\frac{z}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}}
cosα=x2+y2+z2x,cosβ=x2+y2+z2y,cosγ=x2+y2+z2z
则
∯
S
E
⃗
⋅
d
S
⃗
=
Q
4
π
ε
0
∯
S
x
d
y
d
z
+
y
d
z
d
x
+
z
d
x
d
y
r
3
\oiint_S\vec E\cdot d\vec S=\frac{Q}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\oiint_S\frac{xdydz+ydzdx+zdxdy}{r^3}
∬SE⋅dS=4πε0Q∬Sr3xdydz+ydzdx+zdxdy
则设
P
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
=
x
/
r
3
,
Q
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
=
y
/
r
3
,
R
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
=
z
/
r
3
P(x,y,z)=x/r^3,Q(x,y,z)=y/r^3,R(x,y,z)=z/r^3
P(x,y,z)=x/r3,Q(x,y,z)=y/r3,R(x,y,z)=z/r3,
∂
P
∂
x
=
(
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
)
3
/
2
−
3
x
2
(
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
)
1
/
2
(
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
)
3
=
y
2
+
z
2
−
2
x
2
r
5
\frac{\partial P}{\partial x}=\frac{(x^2+y^2+z^2)^{3/2}-3x^2(x^2+y^2+z^2)^{1/2}}{(x^2+y^2+z^2)^3}=\frac{y^2+z^2-2x^2}{r^5}
∂x∂P=(x2+y2+z2)3(x2+y2+z2)3/2−3x2(x2+y2+z2)1/2=r5y2+z2−2x2
同理,
∂
Q
∂
y
=
z
2
+
x
2
−
2
y
2
r
5
∂
R
∂
z
=
x
2
+
y
2
−
2
z
2
r
5
\frac{\partial Q}{\partial y}=\frac{z^2+x^2-2y^2}{r^5}\\ \frac{\partial R}{\partial z}=\frac{x^2+y^2-2z^2}{r^5}
∂y∂Q=r5z2+x2−2y2∂z∂R=r5x2+y2−2z2
容易看出,三者在
(
0
,
0
,
0
)
(0,0,0)
(0,0,0)处都没有偏导数,则若用积分高斯定理需采用“挖洞法”
取外侧面
Σ
:
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
=
ε
2
,
ε
→
0
\varSigma:x^2+y^2+z^2=\varepsilon^2,\varepsilon\to0
Σ:x2+y2+z2=ε2,ε→0,则据高斯定理,有
∯
S
E
⃗
⋅
d
S
⃗
+
∯
Σ
−
E
⃗
⋅
d
S
⃗
=
∭
Ω
(
∂
P
∂
x
+
∂
Q
∂
y
+
∂
R
∂
z
)
d
x
d
y
d
z
=
0
\oiint_S\vec E\cdot d\vec S+\oiint_{\varSigma^-}\vec E\cdot d\vec S =\iiint_\Omega(\frac{\partial P}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial Q}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial R}{\partial z})dxdydz=0
∬SE⋅dS+∬Σ−E⋅dS=∭Ω(∂x∂P+∂y∂Q+∂z∂R)dxdydz=0
由于在
Σ
\varSigma
Σ面上,
E
⃗
\vec E
E与
S
⃗
\vec S
S处处垂直
∯
S
E
⃗
⋅
d
S
⃗
=
∯
Σ
E
⃗
⋅
d
S
⃗
=
∯
Σ
1
4
π
ε
0
Q
ε
2
d
S
=
1
4
π
ε
0
Q
ε
2
∯
Σ
d
S
=
1
4
π
ε
0
Q
ε
2
⋅
4
π
ε
2
=
Q
ε
0
\begin{aligned} \oiint_S\vec E\cdot d\vec S&=\oiint_\varSigma\vec E\cdot d\vec S\\ &=\oiint_\varSigma\frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{Q}{\varepsilon^2}dS\\ &=\frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{Q}{\varepsilon^2}\oiint_\varSigma dS\\ &=\frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{Q}{\varepsilon^2}\cdot4\pi\varepsilon^2\\ &=\frac{Q}{\varepsilon_0} \end{aligned}
∬SE⋅dS=∬ΣE⋅dS=∬Σ4πε01ε2QdS=4πε01ε2Q∬ΣdS=4πε01ε2Q⋅4πε2=ε0Q
得证!
补充
如果在闭合曲面有多个场源电荷又怎么分析呢?这时,我们就可以根据静电场的电场的叠加原理将其独立,再根据上面的证明过程可以证得.
其实可以看出电磁学的高斯定理可以直接由微积分中的高斯定理推出,所以才都叫高斯定理吧!