函数
全局变量调用
eg:
a = 100
def hanshu():
global a #使用全局变量a
a = 2000
print(a) #函数不执行,全局变量a不变
hanshu()
print(a)
结果为:100 2000
nonlocal修饰外部非全局变量
eg:
def hanshu():
x = 100
def neibu():
nonlocal x #修饰x,说明x是外部非全局变量
x = 1000
print(x)
neibu()
print(x)
hanshu()
结果为: 100 1000
一个值接收多个值,返回一个元组
多个值接收多个值,返回各个值
eg:
def qiuhe(a,b):
c = a+b
d = a*b
e = a-b
f = a/b
return c,d,e,f
s = qiuhe(8,4) #一个值接收多个值,会返回一个元组
print(s)
x,y,z,w=qiuhe(8,4) #多个值接收多个值,返回各个的值
print(x,y,z,w)
结果为:
如果形参没有对应的实参,则默认输出形参
eg:
def hanshu(name,age,sex="男"):
print("我叫",name,end=" ")
print("今年",age,end=" ")
print("性别",sex)
hanshu("雷克顿",34)
hanshu("莫甘娜",28,"女")
hanshu("嘉文四世",30,"男")
结果为:
函数里的可变参数改变了,下次调用时会使用之前改变后的值
eg:
def hanshu(b,a=[]): #a是可变参数,函数里改变了,下次调用时会使用之前改变后的值
a.append(10)
print(a,b)
hanshu(10)
hanshu(12)
结果为:
lambda(小型函数)
eg:
a=lambda x,y:x*2+y #lambda为小型函数,简便def函数,:前面是参数,后面是要返回的值
print(a(3,4))
# 解析
def hanshu(x,y):
return x*2+y
print(hanshu(3,4))
结果为:10 10
eg:
b = {"name":"hehe","age":18}
def getA(a):
return a["age"]
print(getA(b))
# 简化
c = lambda a:a["age"] #:前面是参数,后面是要返回的值
x=c(b)
print(x)
结果为:18 18
列表排序(绝对值排序)
a = [1,3,-5,6]
a.sort() #a中的元素排序
print(a)
a.sort(key=abs) #调用ads绝对值函数,以a中元素的绝对值进行排序,且a的元素不变
print(a)
结果为:
key调用
eg:
def hanshu(a):
return a["age"]
a = [{"name":"zs","age":29},
{"name":"ls","age":38},
{"name":"ww","age":31}]
b = max(a,key=hanshu) #,调用hanshu(),以hanshu为比较对象,返回了每个元素的age值,求最大
print(b)
# 简化
c = max(a,key=lambda x:x["age"])
print(c)
结果为:
简化循环
eg:
a = [i for i in range(1,10)]
print(a)
b = [i*2 for i in range(1,50) if i%3==0]
print(b)
c = [i*3 for i in range(1,20) if i%5==0 or i%7==0]
print(c)
结果为:
二维列表的简单循环
eg:
a = [[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]] #二维列表
print(a[0][0])
print(a[1][2])
b = [a[0][i] for i in range(3)]
print(b)
c = [a[i][0] for i in range(3)]
print(c)
d = [a[i][i] for i in range(3)]
print(d)
e = [a[x][y] for x in range(3) for y in range(3) if x+y==2]
print(e)
f = [a[i][2-i] for i in range(3)]
print(f)
结果为:
左右置换
eg:
a = {"a":1,"b":2,"c":3}
b = {y:x for x,y in a.items()}
print(b)
结果为:
zip打包
eg:
a = [1,2,3,4]
b = ["a","b","c"]
c = zip(a,b) #打包成一个zip,内部是元组类型,两个参数以短的决定其长度
for x in c:
print(x)
结果为:
map对象
eg:
def hanshu(x):
return x*x
a = [1,2,3,4]
d = map(hanshu,a) #map对象。对每个a中的元素进行函数加工,返回一个新的序列
print(d)
for x in d:
print(x)
结果为:
filter过滤函数
eg:
def hanshu(a):
if a%2==0:
return True
a = [1,2,3,4,6]
b = filter(hanshu,a) #过滤数据,符合hanshu内部条件的留下
print(b)
for x in b:
print(x)
结果为: