线程Thread
线程是进程的一个实体,是CPU调度和分派的基本单位,它是比进程更小的能独立运行的基本单位.线程自己基本上不拥有系统资源,只拥有一点在运行中必不可少的资源(如程序计数器,一组寄存器和栈),但是它可与同属一个进程的其他的线程共享进程所拥有的全部资源。线程间通信主要通过共享内存,上下文切换很快,资源开销较少,但相比进程不够稳定容易丢失数据。
eg:
from threading import Thread,Lock
import time
dongzuo=0 #全局资源
def sing():
global dongzuo
for i in range(5):
print("唱歌:动作",dongzuo)
dongzuo+=1 #修改全局资源
time.sleep(0.6)
def dance():
global dongzuo #全局资源
for i in range(5):
print("跳舞:动作",dongzuo)
dongzuo+=1
time.sleep(0.6)
if __name__ == '__main__':
t=Thread(target=sing)
t2=Thread(target=dance)
t.start()
t2.start()
结果为:
线程锁
eg:
from threading import Thread,Lock
import time
dongzuo=0 #全局资源
def sing():
global dongzuo
for i in range(5):
lockx.acquire() #锁获取资源
print("唱歌:动作",dongzuo)
dongzuo+=1 #修改全局资源
lockx.release() #释放锁
time.sleep(0.6)
def dance():
global dongzuo #全局资源
for i in range(5):
lockx.acquire() #锁获取资源
print("跳舞:动作",dongzuo)
dongzuo+=1
lockx.release() #释放锁
time.sleep(0.6)
if __name__ == '__main__':
lockx=Lock() #定义一个锁
t=Thread(target=sing)
t2=Thread(target=dance)
t.start()
t2.start()
结果为:
死锁—>都在等待对方的条件
eg:
from threading import Thread,Lock
import time
def cxxzuoFan():
guoLock.acquire() #获取了锅的锁
print("陈xx获取了锅")
time.sleep(3)
shaoLock.acquire() #希望勺的锁,但是勺的锁被wxxzuoFan首先获得
print("陈xx可以做饭了")
shaoLock.release()
guoLock.release()
def wxxzuoFan():
shaoLock.acquire() #获取了勺的锁
print("王xx获取了勺")
time.sleep(3)
guoLock.acquire() #希望锅的锁,但是锅的锁被cxxzuoFan首先获得
print("王xx可以做饭了")
guoLock.release()
shaoLock.release()
if __name__ == '__main__':
guoLock=Lock()
shaoLock=Lock()
t1=Thread(target=cxxzuoFan)
t2=Thread(target=wxxzuoFan)
t1.start()
t2.start()
结果为:
先进先出的消息队列
eg:
from threading import Thread,Lock
from queue import Queue
q=Queue(3)
print(q.empty()) #判断是否为空
q.put("效益1")
q.put("效益2")
q.put("效益3")
print(q.get())
q.put("效益4")
print(q.full())
try:
q.put("效益5",block=False)
except:
print("满了,放不下了")
结果为:
后进先出的消息队列(栈)
eg:
from threading import Thread,Lock
from queue import LifoQueue
q=LifoQueue(3)
q.put(1)
q.put(2)
q.put(3)
print(q.get())
print(q.get())
print(q.get())
结果为:
3 2 1
优先队列
eg:
from threading import Thread,Lock
from queue import PriorityQueue
q=PriorityQueue(5)
q.put((2,"消息5"))
q.put((1,"消息3"))
q.put((3,"消息2"))
q.put((5,"消息4"))
q.put((4,"消息1"))
print(q.get())
print(q.get())
print(q.get())
print(q.get())
print(q.get())
结果为:
线程:消费者和生产者
eg:
from threading import Thread
from queue import Queue
import time
def chanbaozi(name,q):
count=0
while True:
bz="包子%d"%(count+1)
q.put(bz)
s=name+"生成"+bz
print(s)
count+=1
time.sleep(1)
def chibaozi(name,q):
while True:
bz=q.get()
s=name+"吃"+bz
print(s)
time.sleep(1)
if __name__ == '__main__':
q=Queue(2)
name="陈"
t1=Thread(target=chanbaozi,args=(name,q))
t2=Thread(target=chibaozi,args=("王",q))
t1.start()
t2.start()
结果为:
线程子类化
eg:
from threading import Thread
from queue import Queue
import time
class MyThread(Thread): #继承thread线程类
def __init__(self,q,style):
super().__init__()
self.q=q
self.style=style
def run(self):
if self.style=="生产":
i = 0
while i<10:
self.q.put(str("包子"+str(i+1)))
s="生产包子"+str(i+1)
print(s)
time.sleep(1)
i=i+1
else:
i=0
while i<10:
s="消费"+q.get()
print(s)
time.sleep(1)
i=i+1
if __name__ == '__main__':
q=Queue(3)
t1=MyThread(q,"生产")
t2=MyThread(q,"消费")
t1.start()
t2.start()
同步互斥锁
eg:
from threading import Thread,Lock
from queue import Queue
import time
x=0
def A():
global x
i=0
l.acquire()
while i<10000000:
x=x+1
i=i+1
l.release()
print(x)
def B():
global x
l.acquire()
i=0
while i<10000000:
x=x+1
i=i+1
l.release()
print(x)
if __name__ == '__main__':
l=Lock()
t1=Thread(target=A)
t2=Thread(target=B)
t1.start()
t2.start()
结果为:
协程
协程是一种用户态的轻量级线程,协程的调度完全由用户控制。协程拥有自己的寄存器上下文和栈。协程调度切换时,将寄存器上下文和栈保存到其他地方,在切回来的时候,恢复先前保存的寄存器上下文和栈,直接操作栈则基本没有内核切换的开销,可以不加锁的访问全局变量,所以上下文的切换非常快。
eg:
import time
def A(hs):
i=0
while i<10:
print("A开始")
next(hs)
print("A结束")
i=i+1
def b():
i=0
while i<10:
print("B开始")
yield #生成器
print("B结束")
i=i+1
if __name__ == '__main__':
x=b()
A(x)
结果为: