Android系统启动流程（二）Zygote进程启动过程解析

上一篇中解析了init进程的启动流程，其中最后创建了zygote进程，本篇我们来详细分析zygote进程启动的部分。

1 zygote进程概述

Zygote进程又名孵化器进程，正如其名，它主要用于孵化子进程。所有的Java应用程序进程及系统服务SystemServer进程都由Zygote进程通过Linux的fork()函数孵化出来的，这也就是为什么把它称为Zygote的原因，因为他就像一个孵化器，孵化出无数子进程，而native程序则由Init程序创建启动。Zygote进程最初的名字不是“zygote”而是“app_process”，这个名字是在Android.mk文件中定义的，Zgyote是Android中的第一个art虚拟机，他通过socket的方式与其他进程进行通信。这里的“其他进程”其实主要是系统进程——SystemServer。

2 Zygote进程解析

我们接着从上一篇app_main.cpp开始分析，源码如下（源码基于7.0）：

frameworks/base/cmds/app_process/app_main.cpp

int main(int argc, char* const argv[])
{
    if (prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0) < 0) {
        // Older kernels don't understand PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS and return
        // EINVAL. Don't die on such kernels.
        if (errno != EINVAL) {
            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS failed: %s", strerror(errno));
            return 12;
        }
    }

    AppRuntime runtime(argv[0], computeArgBlockSize(argc, argv));
    // Process command line arguments
    // ignore argv[0]
    argc--;
    argv++;

    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
        if (argv[i][0] != '-') {
            break;
        }
        if (argv[i][1] == '-' && argv[i][2] == 0) {
            ++i; // Skip --.
            break;
        }
        runtime.addOption(strdup(argv[i]));
    }

    bool zygote = false;
    bool startSystemServer = false;
    bool application = false;
    String8 niceName;
    String8 className;

    ++i;  // Skip unused "parent dir" argument.
    while (i < argc) {
        const char* arg = argv[i++];
        if (strcmp(arg, "--zygote") == 0) {
            zygote = true;
            niceName = ZYGOTE_NICE_NAME;
        } else if (strcmp(arg, "--start-system-server") == 0) {
            startSystemServer = true;
        } else if (strcmp(arg, "--application") == 0) {
            application = true;
        } else if (strncmp(arg, "--nice-name=", 12) == 0) {
            niceName.setTo(arg + 12);
        } else if (strncmp(arg, "--", 2) != 0) {
            className.setTo(arg);
            break;
        } else {
            --i;
            break;
        }
    }

    Vector<String8> args;
    if (!className.isEmpty()) {
        args.add(application ? String8("application") : String8("tool"));
        runtime.setClassNameAndArgs(className, argc - i, argv + i);
    } else {
        // We're in zygote mode.
        maybeCreateDalvikCache();

        if (startSystemServer) {
        	// 1 
            args.add(String8("start-system-server"));
        }

        char prop[PROP_VALUE_MAX];
        if (property_get(ABI_LIST_PROPERTY, prop, NULL) == 0) {
            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("app_process: Unable to determine ABI list from property %s.",
                ABI_LIST_PROPERTY);
            return 11;
        }

        String8 abiFlag("--abi-list=");
        abiFlag.append(prop);
        args.add(abiFlag);

        // In zygote mode, pass all remaining arguments to the zygote
        // main() method.
        for (; i < argc; ++i) {
            args.add(String8(argv[i]));
        }
    }

    if (!niceName.isEmpty(app_main)) {
        runtime.setArgv0(niceName.string());
        set_process_name(niceName.string());
    }

    if (zygote) {
    	// 2
        runtime.start("com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit", args, zygote);
    } else if (className) {
        runtime.start("com.android.internal.os.RuntimeInit", args, zygote);
    } else {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error: no class name or --zygote supplied.\n");
        app_usage();
        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("app_process: no class name or --zygote supplied.");
        return 10;
    }
}

上面注释1处将start-system-server作为参数放入到了args中，接着在注释2处调用了runtime.start()，也就是AppRuntime.cpp的start, 因为AppRuntime.cpp中没有此方法，AndroidRuntime.cpp是AppRuntime.cpp的父类，最终调用的是AndroidRuntime.cpp中的start方法来启动zygote。

frameworks/base/core/jni/AndroidRuntime.cpp

void AndroidRuntime::start(const char* className, const Vector<String8>& options, bool zygote)
{
    ALOGD(">>>>>> START %s uid %d <<<<<<\n",
            className != NULL ? className : "(unknown)", getuid());

    static const String8 startSystemServer("start-system-server");

   	...
    /* start the virtual machine */
    JniInvocation jni_invocation;
    jni_invocation.Init(NULL);
    JNIEnv* env;
	//1 启动虚拟机
    if (startVm(&mJavaVM, &env, zygote) != 0) {
        return;
    }
    onVmCreated(env);

    /*
     * Register android functions.
     */
     //2 注册jni
    if (startReg(env) < 0) {
        ALOGE("Unable to register all android natives\n");
        return;
    }

    /*
     * We want to call main() with a String array with arguments in it.
     * At present we have two arguments, the class name and an option string.
     * Create an array to hold them.
     */
    jclass stringClass;
    jobjectArray strArray;
    jstring classNameStr;

    stringClass = env->FindClass("java/lang/String");
    assert(stringClass != NULL);
    strArray = env->NewObjectArray(options.size() + 1, stringClass, NULL);
    assert(strArray != NULL);
	//className是com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit
    classNameStr = env->NewStringUTF(className);
    assert(classNameStr != NULL);
    env->SetObjectArrayElement(strArray, 0, classNameStr);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < options.size(); ++i) {
        jstring optionsStr = env->NewStringUTF(options.itemAt(i).string());
        assert(optionsStr != NULL);
        env->SetObjectArrayElement(strArray, i + 1, optionsStr);
    }

    /*
     * Start VM.  This thread becomes the main thread of the VM, and will
     * not return until the VM exits.
     */
    char* slashClassName = toSlashClassName(className);
    jclass startClass = env->FindClass(slashClassName);
    if (startClass == NULL) {
        ALOGE("JavaVM unable to locate class '%s'\n", slashClassName);
        /* keep going */
    } else {
    	//3 找到ZygoteInit的main函数
        jmethodID startMeth = env->GetStaticMethodID(startClass, "main",
            "([Ljava/lang/String;)V");
        if (startMeth == NULL) {
            ALOGE("JavaVM unable to find main() in '%s'\n", className);
            /* keep going */
        } else {
        	//4 通过JNI调用ZygoteInit的main函数
            env->CallStaticVoidMethod(startClass, startMeth, strArray);

#if 0
            if (env->ExceptionCheck())
                threadExitUncaughtException(env);
#endif
        }
    }
    free(slashClassName);

    ALOGD("Shutting down VM\n");
    if (mJavaVM->DetachCurrentThread() != JNI_OK)
        ALOGW("Warning: unable to detach main thread\n");
    if (mJavaVM->DestroyJavaVM() != 0)
        ALOGW("Warning: VM did not shut down cleanly\n");
}

上面注释1处startVm方法创建虚拟机，注释2处startRg来为DVM注册JNI, 注释3处的startClass是从app_main.cpp带过来的参数为com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit，注释4处通过jni调用java层的ZygoteInit.java的main函数。

其中注释2处的注册JNI就是为了后面native和java层互相调用，其中部分源码如下：

frameworks/base/core/jni/android_util_Binder.cpp

int register_android_os_Binder(JNIEnv* env)
{
	//1 
    if (int_register_android_os_Binder(env) < 0)
        return -1;
    if (int_register_android_os_BinderInternal(env) < 0)
        return -1;
    if (int_register_android_os_BinderProxy(env) < 0)
        return -1;

    jclass clazz = FindClassOrDie(env, "android/util/Log");
    gLogOffsets.mClass = MakeGlobalRefOrDie(env, clazz);
    gLogOffsets.mLogE = GetStaticMethodIDOrDie(env, clazz, "e",
            "(Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/Throwable;)I");

    clazz = FindClassOrDie(env, "android/os/ParcelFileDescriptor");
    gParcelFileDescriptorOffsets.mClass = MakeGlobalRefOrDie(env, clazz);
    gParcelFileDescriptorOffsets.mConstructor = GetMethodIDOrDie(env, clazz, "<init>",
                                                                 "(Ljava/io/FileDescriptor;)V");

    clazz = FindClassOrDie(env, "android/os/StrictMode");
    gStrictModeCallbackOffsets.mClass = MakeGlobalRefOrDie(env, clazz);
    gStrictModeCallbackOffsets.mCallback = GetStaticMethodIDOrDie(env, clazz,
            "onBinderStrictModePolicyChange", "(I)V");

    return 0;
}

我们以注释1处的int_register_android_os_Binder为例，可以看到java和native一一对应的关系(其余两个BinderInternal和BinderProxy同理查看)：

static const JNINativeMethod gBinderMethods[] = {
     /* name, signature, funcPtr */
    { "getCallingPid", "()I", (void*)android_os_Binder_getCallingPid },
    { "getCallingUid", "()I", (void*)android_os_Binder_getCallingUid },
    { "clearCallingIdentity", "()J", (void*)android_os_Binder_clearCallingIdentity },
    { "restoreCallingIdentity", "(J)V", (void*)android_os_Binder_restoreCallingIdentity },
    { "setThreadStrictModePolicy", "(I)V", (void*)android_os_Binder_setThreadStrictModePolicy },
    { "getThreadStrictModePolicy", "()I", (void*)android_os_Binder_getThreadStrictModePolicy },
    { "flushPendingCommands", "()V", (void*)android_os_Binder_flushPendingCommands },
    { "init", "()V", (void*)android_os_Binder_init },
    { "destroy", "()V", (void*)android_os_Binder_destroy },
    { "blockUntilThreadAvailable", "()V", (void*)android_os_Binder_blockUntilThreadAvailable }
};

const char* const kBinderPathName = "android/os/Binder";

static int int_register_android_os_Binder(JNIEnv* env)
{
    jclass clazz = FindClassOrDie(env, kBinderPathName);

    // 方便java和native互相调用
    gBinderOffsets.mClass = MakeGlobalRefOrDie(env, clazz);
    gBinderOffsets.mExecTransact = GetMethodIDOrDie(env, clazz, "execTransact", "(IJJI)Z");
    gBinderOffsets.mObject = GetFieldIDOrDie(env, clazz, "mObject", "J");

    return RegisterMethodsOrDie(
        env, kBinderPathName,
        gBinderMethods, NELEM(gBinderMethods));
}

3 Zygote Java层部分

frameworks/base/core/java/com/android/internal/os/ZygoteInit

public static void main(String argv[]) {
        // Mark zygote start. This ensures that thread creation will throw
        // an error.
        ZygoteHooks.startZygoteNoThreadCreation();

        try {
            Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_DALVIK, "ZygoteInit");
            RuntimeInit.enableDdms();
            // Start profiling the zygote initialization.
            SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();

            boolean startSystemServer = false;
            String socketName = "zygote";
            String abiList = null;
            for (int i = 1; i < argv.length; i++) {
                if ("start-system-server".equals(argv[i])) {
                    //1 
                    startSystemServer = true;
                } else if (argv[i].startsWith(ABI_LIST_ARG)) {
                    abiList = argv[i].substring(ABI_LIST_ARG.length());
                } else if (argv[i].startsWith(SOCKET_NAME_ARG)) {
                    socketName = argv[i].substring(SOCKET_NAME_ARG.length());
                } else {
                    throw new RuntimeException("Unknown command line argument: " + argv[i]);
                }
            }

            if (abiList == null) {
                throw new RuntimeException("No ABI list supplied.");
            }
            /**
             * 2 注册zygote进程的socket
             */
            registerZygoteSocket(socketName);
            Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_DALVIK, "ZygotePreload");
            EventLog.writeEvent(LOG_BOOT_PROGRESS_PRELOAD_START,
                SystemClock.uptimeMillis());
            // 3 预加载类库和资源
            preload();
            EventLog.writeEvent(LOG_BOOT_PROGRESS_PRELOAD_END,
                SystemClock.uptimeMillis());
            Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_DALVIK);

            ...
			// 4 此处为true, 启动systemServer进程
            if (startSystemServer) {
                startSystemServer(abiList, socketName);
            }

            Log.i(TAG, "Accepting command socket connections");
            //5 循环等待客户端的创建进程请求
            runSelectLoop(abiList);

            closeServerSocket();
        } catch (MethodAndArgsCaller caller) {
            caller.run();
        } catch (Throwable ex) {
            Log.e(TAG, "Zygote died with exception", ex);
            closeServerSocket();
            throw ex;
        }
    }

上面的流程如下：

• 注释1处start-system-server参数就是在上面app_main.cpp中传递的，所以这里为true
• 注释2注册zygote进程的socket，便于systemserver进程的AMS(ActivityManagerService)和zygote进程通信，用来创建新的应用程序进程。
• 注释3处preload方法会主要调用preloadClasses()和preloadResources()加载类和资源。
• 注释4处启动systemserver进程。
• 注释5处不断的while循环用来等待AMS发送创建应用程序进程的请求。

registerZygoteSocket解析

	private static void registerZygoteSocket(String socketName) {
        if (sServerSocket == null) {
            int fileDesc;
            //得到全路径
            final String fullSocketName = ANDROID_SOCKET_PREFIX + socketName;
            try {
                String env = System.getenv(fullSocketName);
                fileDesc = Integer.parseInt(env);
            } catch (RuntimeException ex) {
                throw new RuntimeException(fullSocketName + " unset or invalid", ex);
            }

            try {
                FileDescriptor fd = new FileDescriptor();
                fd.setInt$(fileDesc);
                sServerSocket = new LocalServerSocket(fd);
            } catch (IOException ex) {
                throw new RuntimeException(
                        "Error binding to local socket '" + fileDesc + "'", ex);
            }
        }
    }

registerZygoteSocket方法用来创建LocalServerSocket对象，针对与systemserver进程来说是服务端，等到zygote将systemserver进程启动结束后，就会在这里的socket上等待AMS发送的请求zygote进程创建新的应用程序进程的请求。

startSystemServer解析

private static boolean startSystemServer(String abiList, String socketName)
            throws MethodAndArgsCaller, RuntimeException {
        long capabilities = posixCapabilitiesAsBits(
            OsConstants.CAP_IPC_LOCK,
            OsConstants.CAP_KILL,
            OsConstants.CAP_NET_ADMIN,
            OsConstants.CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE,
            OsConstants.CAP_NET_BROADCAST,
            OsConstants.CAP_NET_RAW,
            OsConstants.CAP_SYS_MODULE,
            OsConstants.CAP_SYS_NICE,
            OsConstants.CAP_SYS_RESOURCE,
            OsConstants.CAP_SYS_TIME,
            OsConstants.CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG
        );
        /* Containers run without this capability, so avoid setting it in that case */
        if (!SystemProperties.getBoolean(PROPERTY_RUNNING_IN_CONTAINER, false)) {
            capabilities |= posixCapabilitiesAsBits(OsConstants.CAP_BLOCK_SUSPEND);
        }
        // 1 
        String args[] = {
            "--setuid=1000",
            "--setgid=1000",
            "--setgroups=1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1018,1021,1032,3001,3002,3003,3006,3007,3009,3010",
            "--capabilities=" + capabilities + "," + capabilities,
            "--nice-name=system_server",
            "--runtime-args",
            "com.android.server.SystemServer",
        };
        ZygoteConnection.Arguments parsedArgs = null;

        int pid;

        try {
            parsedArgs = new ZygoteConnection.Arguments(args);
            ZygoteConnection.applyDebuggerSystemProperty(parsedArgs);
            ZygoteConnection.applyInvokeWithSystemProperty(parsedArgs);

            // 2 
            pid = Zygote.forkSystemServer(
                    parsedArgs.uid, parsedArgs.gid,
                    parsedArgs.gids,
                    parsedArgs.debugFlags,
                    null,
                    parsedArgs.permittedCapabilities,
                    parsedArgs.effectiveCapabilities);
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
            throw new RuntimeException(ex);
        }

        // 3
        if (pid == 0) {
            if (hasSecondZygote(abiList)) {
                waitForSecondaryZygote(socketName);
            }
			// 4 
            handleSystemServerProcess(parsedArgs);
        }

        return true;
    }

在注释1处的args参数中，看到systemserver进程的uid和gid都是1000，并且进程名字为system_server，类名为com.android.server.SystemServer，在注释2处通过Zygote.forkSystemServer来创建子进程，返回一个pid，在注释3处根据返回的pid来执行逻辑，如果pid==0, 说明逻辑运行在子进程中，接着执行注释4处的handleSystemServerProcess来启动system_server进程。

runSelectLoop解析

    private static void runSelectLoop(String abiList) throws MethodAndArgsCaller {
        ArrayList<FileDescriptor> fds = new ArrayList<FileDescriptor>();
        ArrayList<ZygoteConnection> peers = new ArrayList<ZygoteConnection>();

		//1 
        fds.add(sServerSocket.getFileDescriptor());
        peers.add(null);

        while (true) {
            StructPollfd[] pollFds = new StructPollfd[fds.size()];
            for (int i = 0; i < pollFds.length; ++i) {//2 
                pollFds[i] = new StructPollfd();
                pollFds[i].fd = fds.get(i);
                pollFds[i].events = (short) POLLIN;
            }
            try {
                Os.poll(pollFds, -1);
            } catch (ErrnoException ex) {
                throw new RuntimeException("poll failed", ex);
            }
            for (int i = pollFds.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {//3
                if ((pollFds[i].revents & POLLIN) == 0) {
                    continue;
                }
                if (i == 0) {//4 
                    ZygoteConnection newPeer = acceptCommandPeer(abiList);
                    peers.add(newPeer);
                    fds.add(newPeer.getFileDesciptor());
                } else {
                    boolean done = peers.get(i).runOnce();//5
                    if (done) {
                        peers.remove(i);
                        fds.remove(i);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

以上代码主要逻辑如下：

• 注释1处的sServerSocket是registerZygoteSocket中创建的，调用sServerSocket.getFileDescriptor()用来获得该Socket的fd字段的值并添加到fd列表fds中，接下来while无限循环等待AMS发送请求创建新的应用程序进程。
• 注释2处将fds中存储的FileDescriptor转存到pollFds中。
• 注释3处对pollFds进行遍历。
• 注释4处i==0说明zygote进程和system_server进程的AMS建立了连接，通过acceptCommandPeer返回ZygoteConnection，然后将相关对象分别添加到peers和fds中。
• 注释5处如果i>0的话，说明ActivityManagerService向Zygote进程发送了一个创建应用进程的请求，然后调用ZygoteConnection的runOnce函数来创建一个新的应用程序进程。并在成功创建后将这个连接从Socket连接列表peers和fd列表fds中清除。

4 Zygote进程启动总结

• 通过app_main.cpp最终调用到AndroidRuntime.cpp的start方法，启动了zygote进程。
• 通过AndroidRuntime.cpp的startVm和startReg创建虚拟机和注册JNI。
• 通过JNI调用到ZygoteInit的main函数，进入到Zygote的Java框架层。
• 调用registerZygoteSocket来注册服务端的Socket。
• 调用startSystemServer用来启动system_server进程。
• 调用runSelectLoop无限循环用来接受system_server进程中ActivityManagerService发送的创建应用程序进程的请求。