英语基础1—语法/时态

基础1-2 

1.什么是语法？
    组织规律 词汇-建筑材料
语法的5个层次
    everytime i went to bed-and is this iam sure i was like millions of other children
        the fear that one or body my parents might die in the night touched the 
        neck of mine with its finger
every time  
    断开就是连词
everytime 不断开就不是连词
    语法的层次
    1.词素--morpheme--词根+词缀
    2.词汇--Word 
    3.短语--phrase 
    4.从句--
        he was absent today, because he was ill.
        because 引导的是原因状语从句,是个连词,
        不能当做整个句子的开始
    5.句子-简单句
2句子的基本成分概念
    主谓宾/主系表
    1.主语--subject-S+2.谓语verb+3.宾语(object o) or (表语)+4补语(complement)
        5状语(adverbial 原因，条件)
        这里的谓语可以分为具体动作的(唱歌，跳舞),
            还有一种是不能表示动作的,是表征人的特征的叫系动词
            造句如果有状语，先写时间状语再写地点状语
        动作的接受者 是宾语
    he was ill -系统词+表语
        (complement --补语)
        形容词和名词可以做表语
    定语: -adj 修饰---attributive
        修饰单词、句子、词组
    同位语:解释说明
        beijing(主语),the capital of China(同位语),is very big.
3梳理基本句型
    五种句子
    1.svi 主谓(不及物动词)
        he dances well.
        The dog barks.
    2.SVtO 主谓(及物动词)宾
        He loves me.
    3.SV(be)C 主系表
        He was ill.
        i am an ET.
        系动词？
            a.纯系动词:be(is/am/are) become/seem/appear
            b.兼实义动词的系动词 
                1.表感官: look,smell,touch,feel,sound,taste,
                    the cloth touches smooth.
                    he looks good.
                2.表示变的概念
                    get,grow,go,run
                    the food went bad.
                    he gets elder.
                    he hair grew white.(变白)
                3.表示依旧的概念:
                    keep;remain
                    we should remain calm.
    4.SVtOo +主+谓语(及物动词)+双宾结构(O 直接宾语 o 间接宾语)
        给的直接东西叫直接宾语
            he gave me a book 
            he gave a book to me . 
        pass,give,offer,buy,send,show,sell,pay,bring,tell
            he told me a story
            he told a story to me 
            he bought me a cup of tea.
            he bought a cup of tea for me.
    5.SVOC+ 主+谓+宾语+宾语补语
        i saw him climbing the tree.
        see sb do/doing (宾补)
    6.SVC 主+谓语+主语补语
        die
        he died young.
        he died poor.
    简单句:一个句子只能有一个主语成分+一个谓语成分
    i was 18 years old in college.
    i studied hard.
    复杂句:并列and but or so 
           主从
        i studied hard,but my english was poor.
        
    1)Mary helps me to carry the heavy box. SVOC
    2)People have thought about going into space for many years. SVO
    3)The cold winds that blow off the Arctic Ocean make the North
    Pole a very cold place. SVOC
    4)She saw the thief steal into the shop. SVOC
    5)Her mother bought her a book on psychology. SVOo
    6)Our hope for creative living in this world that we have inherited
    lies in our ability to re-establishthe moral ends of our lives.SVO

4 梳理动词类别动词类别:Verb
实义动词;及物动词;不及物动词;系表动词;情态动词;
    实义动词:及物动词+不及物动词
    系动词+表语
    助动词:本身不可单独作谓语,但可以换句型
        do/does;did,have,had,will,can,be
            He dances well 换 Does he dance well?
            He is a teacher. 转 is he a teacher?
    情态动词:He can dance well 转 can he dance well？
请辨别下列句子用的什么方式来
处理句子两套以上的主谓结构？
1. Not only does she sing well but also she dances well. 并列
2. I am a student and I like English very much. 并列
3. I have learned English for many years but my English is not very
good. 并列 
4. He maintained that Tom was the right person for the job. 宾语从句
5. You can fulfill your dream as long as you work hard at it.
    条件状语从句 as long as 链接
6. English was the subject which I liked best in high school.
    定语从句
7. He was late for work because he missed the bus.
原因状语从句
8. He came into the classroom carrying a book and some papers.
非谓语动词
9. The teacher walked into the office, followed by a group of students
followed 不是谓语 非谓语动词
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5 主干部分语法:主谓一致、时态、语态、情态动词、虚拟
    1主谓一致
        三单-单 复-复
            i dance 
            you dance 
            he dances  
            we dance 
        考点:1 时间距离钱数整体看，单数动词
            Ten years is a long time.
            Ten years have passed
            2 复合名词-集合名词-分别对待
                government/team/crew/staff  如果是整体看 用is,如果按个体看 用are
            3永远+复数动词
                people/police 
            4不可数名词+单数动词
                equipment/experience/knowledge/money/power
            5单个句子或者非谓语动词做主语,用单数动词
    2.时态 tense 8大时态 16小时态
        1 一般现在时
            概念:表示现在的动作状态;经常习惯性的动作状态;客观真理
                i am a teacher
                i often run in the morning;
                The earth turns around the sun.
            构成:主+谓语(原型,三单)
                he often goes to the library at weekend.
                    does he often go to 
                i often go to the library 
            时间状语:often;usually;seldom;every;hardly;always
            考点:1 主考时态 
                 2主将从现(时间+条件)
                    主句将来时，从句一般现在时
                    i will come to see you when i am free.
        2 一般过去式
            概念:表示过去的动作状态;过去经常习惯性的动作状态;
            构成:主+did(动词的过去式)-V+ed 
                the plane arrived six minutes ago.
                Did the plane arrive six...
                The plane didn't arrive six...
            时间状语:ago,yesterday,last,
            考点:1.主考时态 
                 2.used to do 过去常常/be used to doing 现在习惯于
                    i used to get up late in the morning,but now i am used to getting up early.
                3.混搭：和过去进行时或者过去完成时
                    i was having dinner when you called me last night.
        3.现在进行时
            概念:现在或者现阶段正在进行的动作
            构成:be doing
                he is singing in the room now.
                is he singing in the room now ?
                he isn't singing  in the room now.
            时间状语:Now
            考点:1 跨界come go leave 表示 马上要做什么 其实还没有做什么
                    i am coming/i am leaving 本身进行时,表示未来才实现
                    leave for  不是离开,是动身前往
                2 情感色彩
                    he is always going out on sundays.(有情感色彩)
                    he always goes out on sundays.(客观描述,一般现在时)
        4.过去进行时
            概念:过去某一时刻正在进行的动作
            构成:was/were doing 
                he was singing in the room when i called him.
                was he singing in the room....?
                he wasn't singing  in the room.....
            时间状语： at 8 last night;从句
            考点:混搭--一般过去时混搭
                while 有并列关系/时间状语从句/放在句首表示让步状语从句
        5.一般将来时
            概念:表示将来要发生的动作或状态
            构成:1 will (shall)+do 2.be going to do
                    strong will(意志力) 或者 will (遗嘱) 这里的will是名词
                    He will get married next week.
                    Will he get married next week?
                    He won’t get married next week
                    he is going to get married next week.
                2.will&be going to do 
                    客观规律,不是人安排的
                        he will be 18 next year.
                        The fish will die without water.
                    will 有能动性,人的主观
                        i will help you  
                    be going to do  安排好的,计划好的，推测
                        Look at the cloud! It is going to rain
                3.i am coming/leaving 
                4.be about to do  (start/begin)
                    the film is about to start 
                5.be to do 
            考点:1 主打时态
                 2 主将从现
        6.过去将来时
            概念:表示过去将来要发生的动作或状态
            构成:would do 
        7.现在完成时
            概念:过去的动作对现在的影响
            分类:1 过去动作已完成，但对现在有影响
                    have/has done(过去分词)
                    begin-began(一般过去式)-begun
                    leave-left-left
                    start-started-started 
            时间状语:ever,yet,recently,just,already
                The train has just left.
                2 过去动作未完成，对现在有影响
                构成:have/has done + for/since 
                    i have lived here for 5 years.
                    i have lived here since(自从) i came to beijing
            难点&考点
                1 + for/since 动词必须是可持续性动作
                    come/go/leave/start/begin//join 不可以用
                    he has joined the army for 3 years 错误 
                    he joined the army 3 years ago.
                    he has been a solider for 3 years.
                2 习惯用法:never 或者 表示次数 时候
                    i have never seen such a beautiful girl as you .
                    He has called me for 5 times.
                3 混搭
                    it has been 3 years since he was a singer他不当歌手三年了
        8.过去完成时(过去的过去)
            构成:had done 
                he had left when i arrived.
                had he left when i arrived?
                he hadn't left when i arrived.
            时间状语:by。。。;when 一般过去时体现
                i had studied English for 10 years by the end of last year.
            难点:1 混搭 +过去式
                2 had expected/thought/planned 
                    和 表示计划，想法，期待连用,表示原来的想法没有实现
                i had thought he could finish the task on time,so i was 
                not worried at all.
                3 Hardly...when;no sooner than  一。。。就
                    永远都是一般过去式 + 过去完成时
                     i had hardly  entered the classroom when  the class began. 
                     i had no sooner  entered the classroom than  the class began. 
            考点:1 时态搭配: 一般过去时+过去完成时
                 2 词汇搭配 Hardly...when;no sooner than
                 3 倒装
                    hardly had i entered the classroom when  the class began
        9.将来完成时
            概念:将来某一时间之前完成的动作。
            构成:will have done 
            时间状语: by the end of next year 
            i will have lived here for 5 years by the end of this year.
        10.现在完成进行时
            概念:过去的动作一直持续到现在，对现在的影响
            构成:have/has been doing 
                it has been rainning for 3 days. 雨一直下了3天
                it has rained for 3 days.
1） Humans have been dreaming of copies of themselves for thousands of years.
2） The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird.

1. He always gets up late on Sunday.一般现在时
2. I’ll ring you as soon as he comes back.主句将来时 从句一般现在时
3. You’ll succeed if you try your best. succeed就是动词原形 将来时
4. How are things getting on with you? 现在进行时
5. She is always cooking some delicious food for her family.进行时(有情感色彩)
6. He is always going out on Sunday. 进行时(有情感色彩)
7. He used to get up late in the morning,  used to do 过去式固定搭配
but now he is used to getting up early. be used to doing 过去式的固定单配
8. He has finished his homework. 现在完成时
9. The couple have lived here for 20 years. 现在完成时
10. By 11:30 yesterday, we had already had lunch.过去完成时
11. I had thought he would finish the job on time. So I wasn’t worried at all.
前半句过去完成时,后半句是过去式,这里的 worried是 形容词,不是动词的过去式
12.They will have hit the year’s target by the end of October.将来完成时

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语态: active/passive voice  主动/被动 语态 
    主+谓+宾  主动语态
    过去时
        SVtO---O be done by S
        The accident took place yesterday.
            无法变被动，因为没有主语
        
        I look after the patient.   一般现在时
        The patient is looked after by me.一般现在时的被动语态
        
        I looked after the patient.       一般过去时
        The patient was looked after by me.一般过去时被动语态
        
        I will look after the patient.    一般将来时
        The patient will be looked after by me.一般将来时的被动语态
        
        I have looked after the patient.  现在完成时
        The patient has been looked after by me. 现在完成时的被动语态

        I had looked after the patient.  过去完成时
        The patient had been looked after by me.过去完成时的被动语态

        
    考点:1 只有及物动词有被动,不及物动词没有被动。
        Take place，happen,occur,last 没有被动
          不想说主语 要用被动语态
        3 习惯不用被动
    
    1. The book is well written and read widely.
        这本书写的很好,阅读量很广
    2. A bridge is being built there.
        那正在建桥(现在进行时)
    3. He was hit by a car and his arm was broken.
        他出车祸了，摔断了胳膊(过去时)
    4. He was being treated in the emergency room when I arrived at the hospital.
        当我到医院的是，他正在急症室被抢救
    5. A new school will be set up in our neighborhood.
        在我们社区将要建一座新的学校(将来时)
    6. The work has been done.(现在完成时)
        工作做完了
    7. 50 graduates had been sent to that area by the end of last year.
        到去年年底已经有50名学生被派往该地(过去完成时)