C++程序在执行时,将内存大方向划分为4个区域
- 代码区:存放函数体的二进制代码,由操作系统进行管理的
- 全局区:存放全局变量和静态变量以及常量
- 栈区:由编译器自动分配释放, 存放函数的参数值,局部变量等
- 堆区:由程序员分配和释放,若程序员不释放,程序结束时由操作系统回收
内存四区意义:
不同区域存放的数据,赋予不同的生命周期, 给我们更大的灵活编程
一、代码运行前
在程序编译后,生成了exe可执行程序,未执行该程序前分为两个区域
代码区:只读、存放执行指令、可共享;
全局区:执行结束后会释放该空间;
代码示例:(注:地址是int*类型,强制转换int会报错)
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
//全局变量
int g_a = 10;
int g_b = 10;
//全局常量
const int c_g_a = 10;
const int c_g_b = 10;
int main() {
//局部变量
int a = 10;
int b = 10;
//打印地址
cout << "局部变量a地址为: " << &a << endl;
cout << "局部变量b地址为: " << &b << endl;
cout << "全局变量g_a地址为: " << &g_a << endl;
cout << "全局变量g_b地址为: " << &g_b << endl;
//静态变量
static int s_a = 10;
static int s_b = 10;
cout << "静态变量s_a地址为: " << &s_a << endl;
cout << "静态变量s_b地址为: " << &s_b << endl;
cout << "字符串常量地址为: " << &"hello world" << endl;
cout << "字符串常量地址为: " << &"hello world1" << endl;
cout << "全局常量c_g_a地址为: " << &c_g_a << endl;
cout << "全局常量c_g_b地址为: " << &c_g_b << endl;
const int c_l_a = 10;
const int c_l_b = 10;
cout << "局部常量c_l_a地址为: " << &c_l_a << endl;
cout << "局部常量c_l_b地址为: " << &c_l_b << endl;
system("pause");
return 0;
}
二、程序运行后、new操作(堆区)
栈区:由编译器自动分配释放, 存放函数的参数值,局部变量等
堆区:由程序员分配释放,若程序员不释放,程序结束时由操作系统回收;在C++中主要利用new在堆区开辟内存
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
//全局变量
int g_a = 10;
int g_b = 10;
//全局常量
const int c_g_a = 10;
const int c_g_b = 10;
int* func()
{
int* a = new int(10); //通过new关键字开辟堆区;这里a指向的内存地址,存取的值为10;
int* arr = new int[10];
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
arr[i] = i + 100;
}
//return arr;
return a;
}
int main() {
//局部变量
int a = 10;
int b = 10;
//打印地址
cout << "局部变量a地址为: " << &a << endl;
cout << "局部变量b地址为: " << &b << endl;
cout << "全局变量g_a地址为: " << &g_a << endl;
cout << "全局变量g_b地址为: " << &g_b << endl;
//静态变量
static int s_a = 10;
static int s_b = 10;
cout << "静态变量s_a地址为: " << &s_a << endl;
cout << "静态变量s_b地址为: " << &s_b << endl;
cout << "字符串常量地址为: " << &"hello world" << endl;
cout << "字符串常量地址为: " << &"hello world1" << endl;
cout << "全局常量c_g_a地址为: " << &c_g_a << endl;
cout << "全局常量c_g_b地址为: " << &c_g_b << endl;
const int c_l_a = 10;
const int c_l_b = 10;
cout << "局部常量c_l_a地址为: " << &c_l_a << endl;
cout << "局部常量c_l_b地址为: " << &c_l_b << endl;
int *p = func();
cout << *p << endl;
cout << *p << endl;
//利用delete释放堆区数据,程序员手动释放;
delete p;
//delete[] p; //如果是数组类型,前面需要加[];
//cout << *p << endl; //报错,释放的空间不可访问
system("pause");
return 0;
}