不要返回局部对象的引用，也不要返回函数内部用 new 初始化的 指针的对象

一.不要返回局部对象的引用
testcc.cpp代码如下:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class testa
{
  private:
    int i;

  public:
    testa(const int m)
    {
        cout << "create a object\n";
        i = m;
    }
    const int &geti() const
    {
        return i;
    }
    testa(const testa &m)
    {
        cout << "copy funcation\n";
        i = m.i;
    }
    ~testa()
    {
        cout << "discard a object\n";
    }
    testa& operator=(const testa &c)
    {
        cout << "= funcation\n";
        i = c.i;
        return *this;
    }
};

testa& func()
{
    cout << "in func function\n";
    testa p(10);
    // testa *p = new testa(1);
    cout << &p << endl;
    cout << "end func\n";
    return p;
}

int main(void)
{
    testa& m = func(); //copy
    cout << &m << endl;
    cout << m.geti() << endl;
    return 0;
}

打印结果如下:
in func function
create a object
0x7ffee45ab8f8
end func
discard a object
0x7ffee45ab8f8
-463816456
可以看出func结束之后就已经把对象实体析构掉了(discard a object)，所以打印出来 m.geti() 不是10而是-463816456。
注意:编译的时候需要加上-fno-elide-constructors参数防止编译器优化导致打印不准确。如：
g++ -fno-elide-constructors -std=c++11 test.cpp
正确做法：

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class testa
{
  private:
    int i;

  public:
    testa(const int m)
    {
        cout << "create a object\n";
        i = m;
    }
    const int &geti() const
    {
        return i;
    }
    testa(const testa &m)
    {
        cout << "copy funcation\n";
        i = m.i;
    }
    ~testa()
    {
        cout << "discard a object\n";
    }
    testa& operator=(const testa &c)
    {
        cout << "= funcation\n";
        i = c.i;
        return *this;
    }
};

testa func()
{
    cout << "in func function\n";
    testa p(10);
    // testa *p = new testa(1);
    cout << &p << endl;
    cout << "end func\n";
    return p;
}

int main(void)
{
    testa m = func(); //copy
    cout << &m << endl;
    cout << m.geti() << endl;
    return 0;
}

打印值如下:
in func function
create a object
0x7ffee2040728
end func
copy funcation
discard a object
copy funcation
discard a object
0x7ffee2040798
10
discard a object
注意:编译的时候需要加上-fno-elide-constructors参数防止编译器优化导致打印不准确。如：
g++ -fno-elide-constructors -std=c++11 test.cpp
二.不要返回函数内部用 new 初始化的 指针的对象
错误例子如下:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class testa
{
  private:
    int i;

  public:
    testa(const int m)
    {
        cout << "create a object\n";
        i = m;
    }
    const int &geti() const
    {
        return i;
    }
    testa(const testa &m)
    {
        cout << "copy funcation\n";
        i = m.i;
    }
    ~testa()
    {
        cout << "discard a object\n";
    }
    testa& operator=(const testa &c)
    {
        cout << "= funcation\n";
        i = c.i;
        return *this;
    }
};

testa func()
{
    cout << "in func function\n";
    //testa p(10);
     testa *p = new testa(1);
    cout << &p << endl;
    cout << "end func\n";
    return *p;
}

int main(void)
{
    testa m = func(); //copy
    cout << &m << endl;
    cout << m.geti() << endl;
    return 0;
}

打印结果如下：

in func function
create a object
0x7ffee08f7728
end func
copy funcation
copy funcation
discard a object
0x7ffee08f7798
1
discard a object
这里可以看到虽然打印出了1，但是发现调用了构造函数和拷贝构造函数，最后却是掉了一次析构函数(discard a object)说明发生了内存泄露。原因是func里面new出来的内存空间已经没有可以指向的指针，所以这个对象是没有回收内存的，发生了内存泄漏。
注意:编译的时候需要加上-fno-elide-constructors参数防止编译器优化导致打印不准确。如：
g++ -fno-elide-constructors -std=c++11 test.cpp
正确做法1：

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class testa
{
  private:
    int i;

  public:
    testa(const int m)
    {
        cout << "create a object\n";
        i = m;
    }
    const int &geti() const
    {
        return i;
    }
    testa(const testa &m)
    {
        cout << "copy funcation\n";
        i = m.i;
    }
    ~testa()
    {
        cout << "discard a object\n";
    }
     testa& operator=(const testa &c)
    {
        cout << "= funcation\n";
        i = c.i;
        return *this;
    }
};

testa* func()
{
    cout << "in func function\n";
    //testa p(10);
     testa *p = new testa(1);
    cout << p << endl;
    cout << "end func\n";
    return p;
}

int main(void)
{
    testa* m = func(); //copy
    cout << m << endl;
    cout << m->geti() << endl;
    delete m;
    return 0;
}

打印如下:
in func function
create a object
0x7ffee3f6f8e8
end func
0x7ffee3f6f8e8
1
discard a object

有人会说打印地址一样，指针指向的对象都是同一个，即内存中只有一个对象。
注意:编译的时候需要加上-fno-elide-constructors参数防止编译器优化导致打印不准确。如：
g++ -fno-elide-constructors -std=c++11 test.cpp

正确做法2：

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class testa
{
  private:
    int i;

  public:
    testa(const int m)
    {
        cout << "create a object\n";
        i = m;
    }
    const int &geti() const
    {
        return i;
    }
    testa(const testa &m)
    {
        cout << "copy funcation\n";
        i = m.i;
    }
    ~testa()
    {
        cout << "discard a object\n";
    }
    testa& operator=(const testa &c)
    {
        cout << "= funcation\n";
        i = c.i;
        return *this;
    }
};

testa& func()
{
    cout << "in func function\n";
    //testa p(10);
     testa *p = new testa(1);
    cout << p << endl;
    cout << "end func\n";
    return *p;
}

int main(void)
{
    testa& m = func(); //copy
    cout << &m << endl;
    cout << m.geti() << endl;
    delete &m;
    return 0;
}

打印结果:
in func function
create a object
0x7fe5e5c006a0
end func
0x7fe5e5c006a0
1
discard a object
可以看到内存同样是只有一个对象。