Foreign Exchange

一个同事的观点:

一般只看Trend。 就是关注Onshore和Offshore的Forward Curve。 另外汇率和宏观经济关系很大, 政策层面也需要关注

另外还有就是汇率的波动层面, 这些可以从比较Liquid 的期权价格中发现。

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(a) The daily log return of the exchange rate can be calculated using the following formula: log return = ln(price[t]) - ln(price[t-1]) where price[t] represents the exchange rate at time t and price[t-1] represents the exchange rate at time t-1. Using the data in the file d-exuseu.txt, we can calculate the daily log returns as follows (assuming the data is stored in a variable called "exchange_rate"): ```python import numpy as np log_returns = np.log(exchange_rate[1:]) - np.log(exchange_rate[:-1]) ``` The first element of "exchange_rate" is excluded from the calculation because there is no previous price to compare it to. (b) The sample mean, standard deviation, skewness, excess kurtosis, minimum, and maximum of the log returns can be calculated using the following code: ```python mean = np.mean(log_returns) std_dev = np.std(log_returns) skewness = stats.skew(log_returns) kurtosis = stats.kurtosis(log_returns, fisher=False) minimum = np.min(log_returns) maximum = np.max(log_returns) print("Sample mean:", mean) print("Standard deviation:", std_dev) print("Skewness:", skewness) print("Excess kurtosis:", kurtosis - 3) # convert to excess kurtosis print("Minimum:", minimum) print("Maximum:", maximum) ``` This code requires the "scipy.stats" module to be imported at the beginning of the script. The output will show the sample mean, standard deviation, skewness, excess kurtosis, minimum, and maximum of the log returns. (c) To obtain a density plot of the daily log returns, we can use the following code: ```python import matplotlib.pyplot as plt plt.hist(log_returns, bins=50, density=True) plt.xlabel("Daily log return") plt.ylabel("Density") plt.show() ``` This code will create a histogram of the log returns with 50 bins and normalize it to create a density plot. The output will show the density plot of the log returns. (d) To test the hypothesis H0 : µ = 0 versus Ha : µ ̸= 0, where µ denotes the mean of the daily log return of Dollar-Euro exchange rate, we can use a t-test. The null hypothesis states that the mean log return is equal to zero, while the alternative hypothesis states that the mean log return is not equal to zero. ```python from scipy.stats import ttest_1samp t_stat, p_value = ttest_1samp(log_returns, 0) print("t-statistic:", t_stat) print("p-value:", p_value) ``` This code uses the "ttest_1samp" function from the "scipy.stats" module to calculate the t-statistic and the p-value. The output will show the t-statistic and the p-value of the test. If the p-value is less than the significance level (e.g., 0.05), we can reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the mean log return is significantly different from zero.
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