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最新推荐文章于 2024-09-16 12:36:03 发布

peterfeng2009

最新推荐文章于 2024-09-16 12:36:03 发布

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Optimization Elemental things+数字IC设计

1.Positive Semidefinite

In linear algebra, a symmetric n × n real matrix M is said to be positive definite if z^TMz is positive for every non-zero column vector z of n real numbers. Here z^T denotes the transpose of z.

More generally, an n × n Hermitian matrix M is said to be positive definite if z*Mz is real and positive for all non-zero column vectors z of n complex numbers. Here z* denotes the conjugate transpose of z.

The negative definite, positive semi-definite, and negative semi-definite matrices are defined in the same way, except that the expression z^TMz or z*Mz is required to be always negative, non-negative, and non-positive, respectively.

Examples:

The identity matrix $I = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1\end{bmatrix}$ is positive definite. Seen as a real matrix, it is symmetric, and, for any column vector z with real entries a and b, one has $z^{\mathrm{T}}I z = \begin{bmatrix} a & b\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} a \\ b\end{bmatrix}= a^2 + b^2$ . Seen as complex matrix, for any column vector z with complex entries a and b one has $z^*I z = \begin{bmatrix} a^* & b^*\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} a \\ b\end{bmatrix}=a^*a +b^*b = |a|^2 + |b|^2$ . Either way, the result is positive as long as z is not the zero vector (that is, at least one of a andb is not zero).

The real symmetric matrix

M = \begin{bmatrix} 2&-1&0\\-1&2&-1\\0&-1&2 \end{bmatrix}

is positive definite since for any non-zero column vector z with entries a, b and c, we have

\begin{align} z^{\mathrm{T}}M z = (z^{\mathrm{T}}M) z &= \begin{bmatrix} (2a-b)&(-a+2b-c)&(-b+2c) \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} a\\b\\c \end{bmatrix} \\&= 2{a}^2 - 2ab + 2{b}^2 - 2bc + 2{c}^2 \\&= {a}^2+(a - b)^{2} + (b - c)^{2}+{c}^2\end{align}

This result is a sum of squares, and therefore non-negative; and is zero only if a = b = c = 0, that is, when z is zero.

The real symmetric matrix

N = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 1\end{bmatrix}

is not positive definite. If z is the vector

\begin{bmatrix} 1\\ -1\end{bmatrix}

, one has

z^{\mathrm{T}}N z = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & -1\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 1\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ -1\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix} -1 & 1\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ -1\end{bmatrix}=-2 \not > 0.

For any real non-singular matrix $A$ , the product $A^T A$ is a positive definite matrix. A simple proof is that for any non-zero vector $z$ , the condition $z^T A^T A z = \| A z \|_2^2 > 0,$ since the non-singularity of matrix $A$ means that $Az \neq 0.$

The examples M and N above show that a matrix in which some elements are negative may still be positive-definite, and conversely a matrix whose entries are all positive may not be positive definite.

3rd Chapter-The Design of Architecture

架构的选择和设计又可以分为几个步骤：

1、软硬件划分

2、硬件功能模块划分

3、IP选择和设计

4、模块互连机制的选择和设计

5、架构的建模和仿真验证

应当指出，这些步骤在实际工作中并不是孤立的，而通常都是相互结合和制约的，也没有固定不变的顺序。

进行软硬件划分也是根据系统功能，权衡功能性能要求和实现成本因素的结果。

硬件功能单元实现最快的运算速度，达到最佳的性能，但其缺点是缺少灵活性，实现难度大，开发周期长，风险大。

DSP相对于特定的应用和运算可以提供好的性能，相对开发的难度低，时间较短，风险较低，同时也具备一定的灵活性。

CPU提供了最灵活的功能，同时运算性能也是最差的。