注:博客中内容主要来自《狄泰软件学院》,博客仅当私人笔记使用。
测试环境:Ubuntu 10.10
GCC版本:9.2.0
一、智能指针的意义
- 现代C++开发库中最重要的类模板之一
- C++中自动内存管理的主要手段
- 能够在很大程度上避开内存相关的问题(内存忘了释放或者多次指针释放)
二、STL中的智能指针auto_ptr
- 生命周期结束时,销毁指向的内存空间
- 不能指向堆数组,只能指向堆对象(变量)
- 一片堆空间只属于一个智能指针对象
- 多个智能指针对象不能指向同一片堆空间(避免多次释放指针)
编程实验
auto_ptr实验初探
61-1.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <memory> //标准库
using namespace std;
class Test
{
string m_name;
public:
Test(const char* name)
{
cout << "Hello, " << name << "." << endl;
m_name = name;
}
void print()
{
cout << "I'm " << m_name << "." << endl;
}
~Test()
{
cout << "Goodbye, " << m_name << "." << endl;
}
};
int main()
{
auto_ptr<Test> pt(new Test("D.T.Software")); //智能指针使用方式
cout << "pt = " << pt.get() << endl; //返回指向堆空间起始地址
pt->print();
cout << endl;
auto_ptr<Test> pt1(pt); //用pt初始化pt1
cout << "pt = " << pt.get() << endl;
cout << "pt1 = " << pt1.get() << endl;
pt1->print();
return 0;
}
操作:
1) g++ 61-1.cpp -o 61-1.out编译正确,打印结果:
Hello, D.T.Software.
pt = 0x8e84008
I'm D.T.Software.
pt = 0 //赋值后指针被销毁,置NULL
pt1 = 0x8e84008
I'm D.T.Software.
Goodbye, D.T.Software. //函数退出时调用析构函数
三、智能指针
1)STL中的其它智能指针(简要介绍)
- shared_ptr
*带有引用计数机制,支持多个指针对象指向同一片内存
- weak_ptr
*配合shared_ptr而引入的一种智能指针
- unique_ptr
*一个指针对象指向一片内存空间,不能拷贝构造和赋值
四、Qt中的智能指针
- QPointer
*当其指向的对象被销毁时,它会被自动置空
*析构时不会自动销毁所指向的对象
- QSharedPointer
*引用计数型智能指针
*可以被自由的拷贝和赋值
*当引用计数为0时才删除指向的对象
编程实验
Qt中的智能指针
61-2.cpp
#include <QPointer>
#include <QSharedPointer>
#include <QDebug>
class Test : public QObject
{
QString m_name;
public:
Test(const char* name)
{
qDebug() << "Hello, " << name << ".";
m_name = name;
}
void print()
{
qDebug() << "I'm " << m_name << ".";
}
~Test()
{
qDebug() << "Goodbye, " << m_name << ".";
}
};
int main()
{
QPointer<Test> pt(new Test("D.T.Software"));
QPointer<Test> pt1(pt);
QPointer<Test> pt2(pt);
pt->print();
pt1->print();
pt2->print();
delete pt;
qDebug() << "pt = " << pt;
qDebug() << "pt1 = " << pt1;
qDebug() << "pt2 = " << pt2;
qDebug() << endl;
QSharedPointer<Test> spt(new Test("Delphi Tang"));
QSharedPointer<Test> spt1(spt);
QSharedPointer<Test> spt2(spt);
spt->print();
spt1->print();
spt2->print();
return 0;
}
Qt下测试:
编译:
Hello, D.T.Software.
I'm "D.T.Software".
I'm "D.T.Software".
I'm "D.T.Software".
Goddbye, "D.T.Software".
pt = QObject<0x0>
pt1 = QObject<0x0>
pt2 = QObject<0x0>
pt、pt1和pt2三个指针都指向了同一个对象,这3个对象有一个被删除,三个对象都会指向空
Hello, Delphi Tang .
I'm "Delphi Tang" .
I'm "Delphi Tang" .
I'm "Delphi Tang" .
GoodBye, "Delphi Tang" .
所有对象都被销毁后,对象才调用析构函数。
五、Qt中的其它智能指针
- QWeakPointer
- QScopedPointer
- QScopedArrayPointer
- QSharedDataPointer
- QExplicitlySharedDataPointer
编程实验
创建智能指针类模板
SmartPointer.h
#ifndef _SMARTPOINTER_H_
#define _SMARTPOINTER_H_
template
< typename T >
class SmartPointer
{
T* mp;
public:
SmartPointer(T* p = NULL) //这里使用默认参数
{
mp = p;
}
SmartPointer(const SmartPointer<T>& obj)
{
mp = obj.mp;
const_cast<SmartPointer<T>&>(obj).mp = NULL;
}
SmartPointer<T>& operator = (const SmartPointer<T>& obj) //重载操作符
{
if( this != &obj )
{
delete mp;
mp = obj.mp;
const_cast<SmartPointer<T>&>(obj).mp = NULL;
}
return *this;
}
T* operator -> ()
{
return mp;
}
T& operator * ()
{
return *mp;
}
bool isNull()
{
return (mp == NULL);
}
T* get()
{
return mp;
}
~SmartPointer()
{
delete mp;
}
};
#endif
test.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include "SmartPointer.h"
using namespace std;
class Test
{
string m_name;
public:
Test(const char* name)
{
cout << "Hello, " << name << "." << endl;
m_name = name;
}
void print()
{
cout << "I'm " << m_name << "." << endl;
}
~Test()
{
cout << "Goodbye, " << m_name << "." << endl;
}
};
int main()
{
SmartPointer<Test> pt(new Test("D.T.Software"));
cout << "pt = " << pt.get() << endl;
pt->print();
cout << endl;
SmartPointer<Test> pt1(pt);
cout << "pt = " << pt.get() << endl;
cout << "pt1 = " << pt1.get() << endl;
pt1->print();
return 0;
}
操作:
g++编译,打印结果:
Hello, D.T.Software.
pt = 0x9569008
I'm D.T.Sftware.
pt = 0
pt1 = 0x9569008
T'm D.T.Software.
Good, D.T.Software.
小结
1)智能指针C++中自动内存管理的主要手段
2)智能指针在各种平台上都有不同的表现形式
3)智能指针能够尽可能的避开内存相关的问题
4)STL和Qt中都提供了对智能指针的支持