基于CGAL进行正球面多边形布尔运算(一）

注：CGAL中的球面布尔运算，支持的是正圆球，好像不支持椭球。假如不考虑地球扁率，可用于地表的多边形在三维的框架下进行交、并、差运算，而不是映射到二维平面进行运算（做平面映射，或直接用经纬度进行运算）。

【关于CGAL】

CGAL: The Computational Geometry Algorithms Library，计算几何算法库。

官网：www.cgal.org

【参考文档】

https://doc.cgal.org/latest/Nef_S2/classCGAL_1_1Nef__polyhedron__S2.html
https://doc.cgal.org/5.5.2/Nef_S2/classCGAL_1_1Nef__polyhedron__S2.html
https://doc.cgal.org/5.5.2/Nef_S2/Nef_S2_2nef_s2_construction_8cpp-example.html

【相关类】

An instance of data type Nef_polyhedron_S2<Traits> is a subset of the sphere S2 that is the result of forming complements and intersections starting from a finite set H of halfspaces bounded by a plane containing the origin.

Halfspaces correspond to hemispheres of S2 and are therefore modeled by oriented great circles of type Sphere_circle. Nef_polyhedron_S2 is closed under all binary set operations intersection, union, difference, complement and under the topological operations boundary, closure, and interior.

template< class Nef_polyhedronTraits_S2,
          class Nef_polyhedronItems_S2 = CGAL::SM_items,
          class Nef_polyhedronMarks = bool >
class Nef_polyhedron_S2;

The first parameter requires one of the following exact kernels: Homogeneous, Simple_homogeneous parametrized with Gmpz, leda_integer or any other number type modeling Z, or Cartesian, Simple_cartesian parametrized with Gmpq, leda_rational, Quotient<Gmpz> or any other number type modeling Q.

The second parameter and the third parameter are for future considerations. Neither Nef_polyhedronItems_S2 nor Nef_polyhedronMarks is specifed, yet. Do not use other than the default types for these two template parameters.

【相关头文件】

#include <CGAL/Nef_polyhedron_S2.h>

【球面多边形构造函数】

Nef_polyhedron_S2 (Content sphere=EMPTY)
     creates an instance N of type Nef_polyhedron_S2<K> and initializes it to the empty set if sphere == EMPTY and to the whole sphere if sphere == COMPLETE.
 
Nef_polyhedron_S2 (Sphere_circle c, Boundary circle=INCLUDED)
     creates a Nef polyhedron N containing the half-sphere left of c including c if circle==INCLUDED, excluding c if circle==EXCLUDED.
 
template<class Forward_iterator >
     Nef_polyhedron_S2 (Forward_iterator first, Forward_iterator beyond, Boundary b=INCLUDED)
     creates a Nef polyhedron N from the set of sphere segments in the iterator range [first,beyond).

【球面多边形求交示例代码】

#include <CGAL/Exact_integer.h>
#include <CGAL/Homogeneous.h>
#include <CGAL/Nef_polyhedron_S2.h>
#include <cassert>
typedef CGAL::Exact_integer RT;
typedef CGAL::Homogeneous<RT> Kernel;
typedef CGAL::Nef_polyhedron_S2<Kernel> Nef_polyhedron;
typedef Nef_polyhedron::Sphere_point Sphere_point;
typedef Nef_polyhedron::Sphere_segment Sphere_segment;
typedef Nef_polyhedron::Sphere_circle Sphere_circle;
int main() 
{
  Nef_polyhedron N1(Nef_polyhedron::COMPLETE);
  Sphere_circle c(1,1,1); // c : x + y + z = 0
  Nef_polyhedron N2(c, Nef_polyhedron::INCLUDED);
  Nef_polyhedron N3(N2.complement());
  assert(N1 == N2.join(N3));
  Sphere_point   p1(1,0,0), p2(0,1,0), p3(0,0,1);
  Sphere_segment s1(p1,p2), s2(p2,p3), s3(p3,p1);
  Sphere_segment triangle[3] = { s1, s2, s3 };
  Nef_polyhedron N4(triangle, triangle+3);
  Nef_polyhedron N5;
  N5 += N2;
  N5 = N5.intersection(N4);
  assert(N5 <= N2 && N5 != N4);
  return 0;
}

————————————————————————————
#include <CGAL/Exact_integer.h>
#include <CGAL/Homogeneous.h>
#include <CGAL/Nef_polyhedron_S2.h>
typedef CGAL::Exact_integer RT;
typedef CGAL::Homogeneous<RT> Kernel;
typedef CGAL::Nef_polyhedron_S2<Kernel> Nef_polyhedron;
typedef Nef_polyhedron::Sphere_circle Sphere_circle;
int main()
{
  Nef_polyhedron N1(Sphere_circle(1,0,0));
  Nef_polyhedron N2(Sphere_circle(0,1,0), Nef_polyhedron::EXCLUDED);
  Nef_polyhedron N3 = N1 * N2;
  return 0;
}

————————————————————————————

#include <CGAL/Exact_integer.h>
#include <CGAL/Homogeneous.h>
#include <CGAL/Nef_polyhedron_S2.h>
#include <CGAL/Exact_rational.h>
#include <CGAL/Cartesian.h>
 

//typedef CGAL::Exact_rational FT;
//typedef CGAL::Cartesian<FT> Kernel;

typedef CGAL::Cartesian<double> Kernel;

//typedef CGAL::Exact_integer RT;
//typedef CGAL::Homogeneous<RT> Kernel;

typedef CGAL::Nef_polyhedron_S2<Kernel> Nef_polyhedron;
typedef Nef_polyhedron::Sphere_circle Sphere_circle;

int main()
{
  Nef_polyhedron N1(Sphere_circle(1.5,0,0));
  Nef_polyhedron N2(Sphere_circle(0,1.5,0), Nef_polyhedron::EXCLUDED);
  Nef_polyhedron N3 = N1 * N2;
  std::cout << N3 << "\n\n";
  std::cout << N3.number_of_sfaces() << "\n";

  return 0;
}

输出：

Nef_polyhedron_S2
Sphere_map_2
vertices 2
edges 4
loops 0
faces 2
0 { 0 2, 0, -0 -0 2.25}
1 { 0 3, 0, -0 -0 -2.25}
0 { 1, 3, 3, 0, 0, 1, -3.375 -0 -0 0 }
1 { 0, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 3.375 0 0 -0 }
2 { 3, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0 3.375 0 -0 }
3 { 2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, -0 -3.375 -0 0 }
0 { 0 , , , 0 }
1 { 1 , , , 1 }

2

【其他参考】

（1）关于Exact_integer和Exact_rational
  #include <CGAL/Exact_integer.h>  //Exact_integer is an exact integer number type.
  #include <CGAL/Exact_rational.h> //Exact_rational is an exact rational number type, constructible from double.

（2）CGAL环境配置参考：
   https://blog.csdn.net/qq_32867925/article/details/127021063
   https://blog.csdn.net/qq_36686437/article/details/126807537

（3）依赖库
   CGAL从5.0版本之后以纯头文件的形式提供，但是依赖 Boost和 GMP、MPFR库。

Since Version 5.0, CGAL is now header-only by default, meaning that you do not need to build and install CGAL. Usage of CGAL as a header-only library。 //INSTALL.md