G95 使用详解

最新推荐文章于 2023-12-01 20:12:45 发布

xspace_time

最新推荐文章于 2023-12-01 20:12:45 发布

阅读量6.6k

点赞数 1

文章标签： fortran underscore exception initialization integer library

This page is translated from http://www.g95.org/docs.html
— 本页面翻译自G95官方网站：http://www.g95.org/

快速链接:

开始:

下载并安装G95 for windows：
win 9x用户，http://ftp.g95.org/g95-MinGW.exe
win 2x，xp用户，http://ftp.g95.org/g95-MinGW-41.exe
装好之后，即可使用了。

运行 G95

基本选项:

-c	只编译, 不运行链接器.
-o	输出文件的命名, 对于目标文件.o或者可执行文件.exe.

多个源文件和目标文件的编译可以一次执行。Fortran 文件的格式由其扩展名决定，例如 ".f", ".F", ".for", ".FOR", ".f90", ".F90", ".f95", ".F95", ".f03" 和 ".F03"。多个源文件可以由此指明格式，目标文件也可以被具体指明，并一起链接成一个可执行文件。

大写的文件扩展名经过C预处理器分析（默认），小写的扩展名不被C预处理器分析。

文件扩展名为 ".f", ".F", ".for", 和 ".FOR" 被认作固定格式，与老的f77文件兼容。文件扩展名为 ".f90", ".F90", ".f95", ".F95", ".f03" 和 ".F03" 被认作自由格式书写的源文件。

简单的例子:

g95 -c hello.f90	把 hello.f 编译成目标文件，命名为 hello.o.
g95 hello.f90	编译 hello.f90 并链接生成可执行文件a.out(Unix)或者a.exe(Windows)
g95 -c h1.f90 h2.f90 h3.f90	编译多个源文件。如果顺利，生成目标文件 h1.o, h2.o 和 h3.o
g95 -o hello h1.f90 h2.f90 h3.f90	编译多个源文件，并把它们链接生成一个可执行文件，命名为 'hello'.

预处理选项

G95 可以处理包含C预处理器结构的文件can handle files that contain C preprocessor constructs.

-cpp	强制用C预处理器运行输入文件
-no-cpp	防止输入文件被处理
-Dname[=value]	定义一个预处理宏
-Uname	取消一个预处理宏的定义
-E	只显示预处理源程序
-Idirectory	添加 '目录' 搜索包括的模块文件。文件一下面的方式搜索：主源文件的木留，当前的目录，-I 特定的目录，在G95_INCLUDE_PATH environment 变量特定的目录，最后是系统目录。
-traditional	执行传统的C预处理(默认)
-nontraditional	执行现代的C预处理

Fortran 选项

-Wall	允许大多数的警告信息
-Werror	把警告变成错误。
-Wextra	允许 -Wall 中不允许的警告
-Wglobals	交叉检查同一个源文件里的使用和定义。默认情况下，用 -Wno-globals 禁止.
-Wimplicit-none	同 -fimplicit-none
-Wimplicit-interface	警告使用一个默认的借口
-Wline-truncation	警告语句行被删节
-Wmissing-intent	警告缺少变量的意向 intent
-Wobsolescent	警告没有使用的结构
-Wno=numbers	取消逗号分隔的警告数字列表
-Wuninitialized	警告变量使用前没有初始化。需要 -O2
-Wunused-vars	警告没有使用的变量
-Wunused-types	警告没有使用的模块类型。没有由 -Wall 默认。
-Wunset-vars	警告没有设置的变量。
-Wunused-module-vars	警告没有使用的模块变量，对有 Only 语句有用。
-Wunused-module-procs	警告没有使用的模块程序。对有 Only 语句有用。
-Wunused-parameter	警告没有使用的常量系数。没有由 -Wall 默认。
-Wprecision-loss	警告精度损失，在默认的类型转换时
-fbackslash	解释反斜线符号/ 作为字符常量的结束代码。用 -fno-backslash 把反斜线符号当作一个字。
-fd-comment	让D行可执行的指令，用固定格式书写
-fdollar-ok	允许用美元符号$命名实体
-fendian=	强制字节顺序，对非格式的读写。值必须是'big' 或者 'little'. 而不管环境变量.
-ffixed-form	假定源文件是固定格式
-ffixed-line-length-132	固定格式书写长度为132字符
-ffixed-line-length-80	固定格式书写长度为80字符
-ffree-form	假定源文件是自由格式
-ffree-line-length-huge	允许大于10K的源文件
-fimplicit-none	指定允许非默认类型, 除非有显示的默认类型说明指令。
-fintrinsic-extensions	允许 g95- 特殊内部程序，即使在 -std= 模式
-fintrinsic-extensions=proc1,proc2,...	包括选择的内部程序，即使在 -std= 模式. 列表以逗号分开
-fmod=directory	把模块文件放入文件夹 directory
-fmodule-private	设置模块的实体属性默认为 PRIVATE
-fmultiple-save	允许SAVE 属性多次被指定
-fone-error	强制在第一个错误后，停止编译
-ftr15581	允许 TR15581 可变数组扩充，即使在-std=F或-std=f95 模式下
-M	在标准输出文件上生成一个编写文件的行
-std=F	警告非-F 的特征
-std=f2003	严格 fortran 2003 检查
-std=f95	严格 fortran 95 检查
-i4	设置Integer的种类说明为kind=4 (32位机)。默认的种类不改变。
-i8	设置Integer的种类说明为kind=8 (65位机)。默认的种类不改变。
-r8	设置实数的种类为双精度，未作特定说明的话。
-d8	默认为 -i8 和-r8.

编码整体选项

-fbounds-check	Check array and substring bounds at runtime
-fcase-upper	Make all public symbols uppercase
-fleading-underscore	Add a leading underscore to public names
-fonetrip	Execute DO-loops at least once. (Buggy fortran 66)
-fpack-derived	Try to layout derived types as compact as possible. Requires less memory, but may be slower
-fqkind=n	Set the kind for a real with the 'q' exponent to n
-fsecond-underscore	Append a second trailing underscore in names having an underscore (default). Use -fno-second-underscore to suppress.
-fshort-circuit	Cause the .AND. and .OR. operators to not compute the second operand if the value of the expression is known from the first operand.
-fsloppy-char	Suppress errors when writing non-character data to character descriptors
-fstatic	Put local variables in static memory where possible. This is not the same as linking things statically (-static).
-ftrace	'-ftrace=frame' will insert code to allow stack tracebacks on abnormal end of program. This will slow down your program. '-ftrace=full' additionally allows finding the line number of arithmetic exceptions (slower). Default is '-ftrace=none'.
-funderscoring	Append a trailing underscore in global names (default). Use -fno-underscoring to suppress.
-max-frame-size=n	How large a single stack frame will get before arrays are allocated dynamically
-finteger=n	Initialize uninitialized scalar integer variables to n
-flogical=	Initialize uninitialized scalar logical variables. Legal values are none, true and false.
-freal=	Initialize uninitialized scalar real and complex variables. Legal values are none, zero, nan, inf, +inf and -inf.
-fpointer=	Initialize scalar pointers. Legal values are none, null and invalid.
-fround=	Controls compile-time rounding. Legal values are nearest, plus, minus and zero. Default is round to nearest, plus is round to plus infinity, minus is minus infinity, zero is towards zero.
-fzero	Initialize numeric types to zero, logical values to false and pointers to null. The other initialization options override this one.

运行g95程序

G95 的运行环境提供了多种选项，在运行的时候来引导你的程序。它们可以通过环境变量来控制。用--g95选项来运行g95编译程序，就可以拷贝标准选项输出文件。

可变变量的值总是字符串，但是该字符串可以被认为证书或者布尔变量".true."。只有布尔变量第一个字符检查的时候必须为 't', 'f', 'y', 'n', '1' 或 '0' (大写的OK也算)。如果值是错误的，并且没有出现错误，就使用缺省值。

G95_STDIN_UNIT	Integer	Unit number that will be preconnected to standard input. No preconnection if negative, default is 5.
G95_STDOUT_UNIT	Integer	Unit number that will be preconnected to standard output. No preconnection if negative, default is 6.
G95_STDERR_UNIT	Integer	Unit number that will be preconnected to standard error. No preconnection if negative, default is 0.
G95_USE_STDERR	Boolean	Sends library output to standard error instead of standard output. Default is Yes.
G95_ENDIAN	String	Endian format to use for I/O of unformatted data. Values are BIG, LITTLE or NATIVE. Default is NATIVE.
G95_CR	Boolean	Output carriage returns for formatted sequential records. Default true on windows, false elsewhere.
G95_IGNORE_CR	Boolean	Treat a carriage return-linefeed as a record marker instead of just a linefeed. Default true.
G95_IGNORE_ENDFILE	Boolean	Ignore attempts to read past the ENDFILE record in sequential access mode. Default false
G95_TMPDIR	String	Directory for scratch files. Overrides the TMP environment variable. If TMP is not set /var/tmp is used. No default
G95_UNBUFFERED_ALL	Boolean	If TRUE, all output is unbuffered. This will slow down large writes but can be useful for forcing data to be displayed immediately. Default is False.
G95_SHOW_LOCUS	Boolean	If TRUE, print filename and line number where runtime errors happen. Default is Yes.
G95_OPTIONAL_PLUS	Boolean	Print optional plus signs in numbers where permitted. Default FALSE.
G95_DEFAULT_RECL	Integer	Default maximum record length for sequential files. Most useful for adjusting line length of preconnected units. Default is 50000000.
G95_LIST_SEPARATOR	String	Separator to use when writing list output. May contain any number of spaces and at most one comma. Default is a single space.
G95_LIST_EXP	Integer	Last power of ten which does not use exponential format for list output. Default 6.
G95_COMMA	Boolean	Use a comma character as the default decimal point for I/O. Default false.
G95_EXPAND_UNPRINTABLE	Boolean	For formatted output, print otherwise unprintable characters with /-sequences. Default No.
G95_QUIET	Boolean	Suppress bell characters (/a) in formatted output. Default No.
G95_SYSTEM_CLOCK	Integer	Number of ticks per second reported by the SYSTEM_CLOCK() intrinsic in microseconds. Zero disables the clock. Default 100000.
G95_SEED_RNG	Boolean	If true, seeds the random number generator with a new seed when the program is run. Default false.
G95_MINUS_ZERO	Boolean	If true, prints minus zero without a minus sign in formatted (non-list) output, contrary to the standard. Default FALSE.
G95_ABORT	Boolean	If true, dumps core on abnormal program end. Useful for finding the locus of the problem. Default FALSE.
G95_MEM_INIT	String	How to initialize allocated memory. Default value is NONE for no initialization (faster), NAN for a Not-a-Number with the mantissa 0x40f95 or a custom hexadecimal value.
G95_MEM_SEGMENTS	Integer	Maximum number of still-allocated memory segments to display when program ends. 0 means show none, less than 0 means show all. Default 25
G95_MEM_MAXALLOC	Boolean	If true, shows the maximum number of bytes allocated in user memory during the program run. Default No.
G95_MEM_MXFAST	Integer	Maximum request size for handing requests in from fastbins. Fastbins are quicker but fragment more easily. Default 64 bytes.
G95_MEM_TRIM_THRESHOLD	Integer	Amount of top-most memory to keep around until it is returned to the operating system. -1 prevents returning memory to the system. Useful in long-lived programs. Default 262144.
G95_MEM_TOP_PAD	Integer	Extra space to allocate when getting memory from the OS. Can speed up future requests. Default 0.
G95_SIGHUP	String	Whether the program will IGNORE, ABORT or SUSPEND on SIGHUP. Default ABORT.
G95_SIGINT	String	Whether the program will IGNORE or ABORT or SUSPEND on SIGINT. Default ABORT
G95_FPU_ROUND	String	Set floating point rounding mode. Values are NEAREST, UP, DOWN, ZERO. Default is NEAREST.
G95_FPU_PRECISION	String	Precision of intermediate results. Value can be 24, 53 and 64. Default 64. Only available on x86 and IA64 compatibles.
G95_FPU_DENORMAL	Boolean	Raise a floating point exception when denormal numbers are encountered. Default no.
G95_FPU_INVALID	Boolean	Raise a floating point exception on an invalid operation. Default No.
G95_FPU_ZERODIV	Boolean	Raise a floating point exception when dividing by zero. Default No.
G95_FPU_OVERFLOW	Boolean	Raise a floating point exception on overflow. Default No.
G95_FPU_UNDERFLOW	Boolean	Raise a floating point exception on underflow. Default No.
G95_FPU_INEXACT	Boolean	Raise a floating point exception on precision loss. Default No
G95_FPU_EXCEPTIONS	Boolean	Whether masked floating point exceptions should be shown after the program ends. Default No
G95_UNIT_x	String	Overrides the default unit name for unit x.
G95_UNBUFFERED_x	Boolean	If true, unit x is unbuffered
G95_UNIT_ENDIAN_x	String	Sets the endianness of an individual unit. The value can be "big" or "little". Takes precedence over G95_ENDIAN

运行时的错误代码

-2	记录的结束
-1	文件的结束
0	成功返回
	操作系统错误代码 (1 - 199)
200	冲突的指令选项
201	错误的指令选项
202	缺少指令选项
203	文件已经通过别的设备号打开
204	无隶属的单元
205	格式错误
206	执行错误的指令
207	读过ENDFILE记录
208	读到错误的值
209	读的时候，数值溢出
210	内存不足
211	数组已经被分配
212	取消分配一个错误的指针
214	在无格式顺序直接文件中的错误
215	读取数据多余记录长度 (RECL)
216	写入数据多余记录长度 (RECL)

对g95程序的接口

因为g95程序可独立运行，偶尔需要与其他的程序接口，通常是C语言。第一个困难就是多语言编程要面对的公共符号。G95 根据f2c调用规则对公共的名称加以下划线，或者双下划线，如果还包括一个下划线（这里指子程序的意思）。选项 -fno-second-underscore 和 -fno-underscoring 用于强迫g95来生成与C编译器相兼容的名字。

用 'nm' 程序来看两个编译器生成的目标文件.o。

G95 folds public names to lowercase as well, unless -fupper-case is given, in which case everything will be upper case. Module names are represented as module-name_MP_name.

After linking, there are two main cases: Fortran calling C subroutines and C calling fortran subroutines.

For C calling fortran subroutines, the fortran subroutines will often call fortran library subroutines that expect the heap to be initialized in some way. To force a manual initialization from C, call g95_runtime_start() to initialize the fortran library and g95_runtime_stop() when done. The prototype of the g95_runtime_start() is:

 void g95_runtime_start(int argc, char *argv[]);

The library has to be able to process command-line options. If this is awkward to do and your program doesn't have a need for command-line arguments, pass argc=0 and argv=NULL.

On OSX/Tiger, include '-lSystemStubs' when using g95 to run the linker and linking objects files compiled by gcc.

Information on OpenGL binding can be found at Nick Yasko's G95/OpenGL page .