Dubbo的四种负载均衡方式

DUBBO用到的四种负载均衡算法分析：

LoadBalance

@SPI(RandomLoadBalance.NAME)
public interface LoadBalance {

    /**
     * select one invoker in list.
     *select方法作用是从invokers选出下一个被调用的invoker
     * @param invokers   invokers.
     * @param url        refer url
     * @param invocation invocation.
     * @return selected invoker.
     */
    @Adaptive("loadbalance")
    <T> Invoker<T> select(List<Invoker<T>> invokers, URL url, Invocation invocation) throws RpcException;

}

AbstractLoadBalance

public abstract class AbstractLoadBalance implements LoadBalance {
    static int calculateWarmupWeight(int uptime, int warmup, int weight) {
        int ww = (int) ((float) uptime / ((float) warmup / (float) weight));
        return ww < 1 ? 1 : (ww > weight ? weight : ww);
    }

    @Override
    public <T> Invoker<T> select(List<Invoker<T>> invokers, URL url, Invocation invocation) {
        if (invokers == null || invokers.isEmpty())
            return null;
        if (invokers.size() == 1)
            return invokers.get(0);
        return doSelect(invokers, url, invocation);
    }

    protected abstract <T> Invoker<T> doSelect(List<Invoker<T>> invokers, URL url, Invocation invocation);

    protected int getWeight(Invoker<?> invoker, Invocation invocation) {
        //获取provider的权重
        int weight = invoker.getUrl().getMethodParameter(invocation.getMethodName(), Constants.WEIGHT_KEY, Constants.DEFAULT_WEIGHT);
        if (weight > 0) {
            //provider的启动时间戳
            long timestamp = invoker.getUrl().getParameter(Constants.REMOTE_TIMESTAMP_KEY, 0L);
            if (timestamp > 0L) {
                //计算启动时长
                int uptime = (int) (System.currentTimeMillis() - timestamp);
                int warmup = invoker.getUrl().getParameter(Constants.WARMUP_KEY, Constants.DEFAULT_WARMUP);
                //如果启动时间小于预热时间，默认是10min，则重新计算权重
                if (uptime > 0 && uptime < warmup) {
                    weight = calculateWarmupWeight(uptime, warmup, weight);
                }
            }
        }
        return weight;
    }
}

TIPS：为什么要预热？

privoder刚启动的字节码肯定不是最优的，JVM需要对字节码进行优化。预热保证了调用的体验，谨防由此引发的调用超时问题。

Random LoadBalance(随机均衡算法)

• 随机，按权重设置随机概率。
• 在一个截面上碰撞的概率高，但调用量越大分布越均匀，而且按概率使用权重后也比较均匀，有利于动态调整提供者权重。

public class RandomLoadBalance extends AbstractLoadBalance {

    public static final String NAME = "random";

    private final Random random = new Random();

    @Override
    protected <T> Invoker<T> doSelect(List<Invoker<T>> invokers, URL url, Invocation invocation) {
        //provider 的数量
        int length = invokers.size(); // Number of invokers
        int totalWeight = 0; // The sum of weights
        boolean sameWeight = true; // Every invoker has the same weight?
        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            int weight = getWeight(invokers.get(i), invocation);
            totalWeight += weight; // Sum
            if (sameWeight && i > 0
                    && weight != getWeight(invokers.get(i - 1), invocation)) {
                sameWeight = false;
            }
        }
        if (totalWeight > 0 && !sameWeight) {
            // If (not every invoker has the same weight & at least one invoker's weight>0), select randomly based on totalWeight.
            int offset = random.nextInt(totalWeight);
            // Return a invoker based on the random value.
            // 可以理解成：[0,totalWeight)取随机数，看这个随机数(每比较一次，减去响应的权重)
            // 落在了以权重为刻度的数轴哪个区间内，落在那个区间即返回哪个provider
            for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                offset -= getWeight(invokers.get(i), invocation);
                if (offset < 0) {
                    return invokers.get(i);
                }
            }
        }
        // If all invokers have the same weight value or totalWeight=0, return evenly.
        return invokers.get(random.nextInt(length));
    }
}

RoundRobin LoadBalance(权重轮循均衡算法)

• 轮循，按公约后的权重设置轮循比率。
• 存在慢的提供者累积请求问题，比如：第二台机器很慢，但没挂，当请求调到第二台时就卡在那，久而久之，所有请求都卡在调到第二台上。(针对此种情况，需要降低该服务的权值，以减少对其调用)

    @Override
    protected <T> Invoker<T> doSelect(List<Invoker<T>> invokers, URL url, Invocation invocation) {
        String key = invokers.get(0).getUrl().getServiceKey() + "." + invocation.getMethodName();
        int length = invokers.size(); // Number of invokers
        int maxWeight = 0; // The maximum weight
        int minWeight = Integer.MAX_VALUE; // The minimum weight
        final LinkedHashMap<Invoker<T>, IntegerWrapper> invokerToWeightMap = new LinkedHashMap<Invoker<T>, IntegerWrapper>();
        int weightSum = 0;
        //初始化maxWeight，minWeight，weightSum，invokerToWeightMap
        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            int weight = getWeight(invokers.get(i), invocation);
            maxWeight = Math.max(maxWeight, weight); // Choose the maximum weight
            minWeight = Math.min(minWeight, weight); // Choose the minimum weight
            if (weight > 0) {
                invokerToWeightMap.put(invokers.get(i), new IntegerWrapper(weight));
                weightSum += weight;
            }
        }
        // 获取自增调用次数
        AtomicPositiveInteger sequence = sequences.get(key);
        if (sequence == null) {
            sequences.putIfAbsent(key, new AtomicPositiveInteger());
            sequence = sequences.get(key);
        }
        // ?个人理解为当前调用总次数
        int currentSequence = sequence.getAndIncrement();
        //当权重不一样的时候，通过加权轮询获取到invoker,权值越大，则被选中的几率也越大
        if (maxWeight > 0 && minWeight < maxWeight) {
            int mod = currentSequence % weightSum;
            for (int i = 0; i < maxWeight; i++) {
                //遍历invoker的数量
                for (Map.Entry<Invoker<T>, IntegerWrapper> each : invokerToWeightMap.entrySet()) {
                    final Invoker<T> k = each.getKey();
                    //invoker的权重
                    final IntegerWrapper v = each.getValue();
                    if (mod == 0 && v.getValue() > 0) {
                        return k;
                    }
                    if (v.getValue() > 0) {
                        //当前invoker的可调用次数减1
                        v.decrement();
                        mod--;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        // Round robin 权重一样的情况下，就取余的方式获取到invoker
        return invokers.get(currentSequence % length);
    }

    private static final class IntegerWrapper {
        private int value;

        public IntegerWrapper(int value) {
            this.value = value;
        }

        public int getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public void setValue(int value) {
            this.value = value;
        }

        public void decrement() {
            this.value--;
        }
    }

对于加权轮询，如果不了解算法的话，看起来还是很绕的，可以单独将算法代码拷出来进行分析，如下：

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        //默认invoker{"1":"1","2":"2","3":"3","4","4"}
        //循环调用1000次的结果
        for(int i = 0; i < 1000; i ++){
            int mod = i % 10;
            Map<String,IntegerWrapper> invokerToWeightMap = new LinkedHashMap<String, IntegerWrapper>();
            invokerToWeightMap.put("1", new IntegerWrapper(1));
            invokerToWeightMap.put("2", new IntegerWrapper(2));
            invokerToWeightMap.put("3", new IntegerWrapper(3));
            invokerToWeightMap.put("4", new IntegerWrapper(4));
            for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
                //遍历invoker的数量
                for (Map.Entry<String, IntegerWrapper> each : invokerToWeightMap.entrySet()) {
                    final String k = each.getKey();
                    //invoker的权重
                    final IntegerWrapper v = each.getValue();
                    //通过 (i+1) *  invokerToWeightMap.size轮获取invoker
                    if (mod == 0 && v.getValue() > 0) {
                        System.out.println("服务："+k);
                        return ;
                    }
                    if (v.getValue() > 0) {
                        //当前invoker的可调用次数减1
                        v.decrement();
                        mod--;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private static final class IntegerWrapper {
        private int value;

        public IntegerWrapper(int value) {
            this.value = value;
        }

        public int getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public void setValue(int value) {
            this.value = value;
        }

        public void decrement() {
            this.value--;
        }
    }

最后结果顺序：

服务：3
服务：4
服务：1
服务：2
服务：3
服务：4
服务：2
服务：3
服务：4
服务：4

• TIPS：抽出来的就是dubbo的加权轮询算法，封装好接口可以直接使用的~

 

 

LeastAction LoadBalance(最少活跃调用数均衡算法)

• 最少活跃调用数，相同活跃数的随机，活跃数指调用前后计数差。
• 使慢的提供者收到更少请求，因为越慢的提供者的调用前后计数差会越大。

   @Override
    protected <T> Invoker<T> doSelect(List<Invoker<T>> invokers, URL url, Invocation invocation) {
        int length = invokers.size(); // Number of invokers
        int leastActive = -1; // The least active value of all invokers
        int leastCount = 0; // The number of invokers having the same least active value (leastActive)
        int[] leastIndexs = new int[length]; // The index of invokers having the same least active value (leastActive)
        int totalWeight = 0; // The sum of weights
        int firstWeight = 0; // Initial value, used for comparision
        boolean sameWeight = true; // Every invoker has the same weight value?
        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            Invoker<T> invoker = invokers.get(i);
            int active = RpcStatus.getStatus(invoker.getUrl(), invocation.getMethodName()).getActive(); // Active number
            int weight = invoker.getUrl().getMethodParameter(invocation.getMethodName(), Constants.WEIGHT_KEY, Constants.DEFAULT_WEIGHT); // Weight
            if (leastActive == -1 || active < leastActive) { // Restart, when find a invoker having smaller least active value.
                leastActive = active; // Record the current least active value
                leastCount = 1; // Reset leastCount, count again based on current leastCount
                leastIndexs[0] = i; // Reset
                totalWeight = weight; // Reset
                firstWeight = weight; // Record the weight the first invoker
                sameWeight = true; // Reset, every invoker has the same weight value?
            } else if (active == leastActive) { // If current invoker's active value equals with leaseActive, then accumulating.
                leastIndexs[leastCount++] = i; // Record index number of this invoker
                totalWeight += weight; // Add this invoker's weight to totalWeight.
                // If every invoker has the same weight?
                if (sameWeight && i > 0
                        && weight != firstWeight) {
                    sameWeight = false;
                }
            }
        }
        // assert(leastCount > 0)
        if (leastCount == 1) {
            // If we got exactly one invoker having the least active value, return this invoker directly.
            return invokers.get(leastIndexs[0]);
        }
        if (!sameWeight && totalWeight > 0) {
            // If (not every invoker has the same weight & at least one invoker's weight>0), select randomly based on totalWeight.
            int offsetWeight = random.nextInt(totalWeight);
            // Return a invoker based on the random value.
            for (int i = 0; i < leastCount; i++) {
                int leastIndex = leastIndexs[i];
                offsetWeight -= getWeight(invokers.get(leastIndex), invocation);
                if (offsetWeight <= 0)
                    return invokers.get(leastIndex);
            }
        }
        // If all invokers have the same weight value or totalWeight=0, return evenly.
        return invokers.get(leastIndexs[random.nextInt(leastCount)]);

ConsistentHash LoadBalance(一致性Hash均衡算法)

• 一致性Hash，相同参数的请求总是发到同一提供者。
• 当某一台提供者挂时，原本发往该提供者的请求，基于虚拟节点，平摊到其它提供者，不会引起剧烈变动。

哈希一致性算法参看另一篇文章：一致性哈希算法

 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    @Override
    protected <T> Invoker<T> doSelect(List<Invoker<T>> invokers, URL url, Invocation invocation) {
        String key = invokers.get(0).getUrl().getServiceKey() + "." + invocation.getMethodName();
        int identityHashCode = System.identityHashCode(invokers);
        ConsistentHashSelector<T> selector = (ConsistentHashSelector<T>) selectors.get(key);
        if (selector == null || selector.identityHashCode != identityHashCode) {
            selectors.put(key, new ConsistentHashSelector<T>(invokers, invocation.getMethodName(), identityHashCode));
            selector = (ConsistentHashSelector<T>) selectors.get(key);
        }
        return selector.select(invocation);
    }

    private static final class ConsistentHashSelector<T> {

        private final TreeMap<Long, Invoker<T>> virtualInvokers;

        private final int replicaNumber;

        private final int identityHashCode;

        private final int[] argumentIndex;

        ConsistentHashSelector(List<Invoker<T>> invokers, String methodName, int identityHashCode) {
            this.virtualInvokers = new TreeMap<Long, Invoker<T>>();
            this.identityHashCode = identityHashCode;
            URL url = invokers.get(0).getUrl();
            this.replicaNumber = url.getMethodParameter(methodName, "hash.nodes", 160);
            String[] index = Constants.COMMA_SPLIT_PATTERN.split(url.getMethodParameter(methodName, "hash.arguments", "0"));
            argumentIndex = new int[index.length];
            for (int i = 0; i < index.length; i++) {
                argumentIndex[i] = Integer.parseInt(index[i]);
            }
            for (Invoker<T> invoker : invokers) {
                String address = invoker.getUrl().getAddress();
                for (int i = 0; i < replicaNumber / 4; i++) {
                    byte[] digest = md5(address + i);
                    for (int h = 0; h < 4; h++) {
                        long m = hash(digest, h);
                        virtualInvokers.put(m, invoker);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        public Invoker<T> select(Invocation invocation) {
            String key = toKey(invocation.getArguments());
            byte[] digest = md5(key);
            return selectForKey(hash(digest, 0));
        }

        private String toKey(Object[] args) {
            StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();
            for (int i : argumentIndex) {
                if (i >= 0 && i < args.length) {
                    buf.append(args[i]);
                }
            }
            return buf.toString();
        }

        private Invoker<T> selectForKey(long hash) {
            Map.Entry<Long, Invoker<T>> entry = virtualInvokers.tailMap(hash, true).firstEntry();
        	if (entry == null) {
        		entry = virtualInvokers.firstEntry();
        	}
        	return entry.getValue();
        }

        private long hash(byte[] digest, int number) {
            return (((long) (digest[3 + number * 4] & 0xFF) << 24)
                    | ((long) (digest[2 + number * 4] & 0xFF) << 16)
                    | ((long) (digest[1 + number * 4] & 0xFF) << 8)
                    | (digest[number * 4] & 0xFF))
                    & 0xFFFFFFFFL;
        }

        private byte[] md5(String value) {
            MessageDigest md5;
            try {
                md5 = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
            } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
                throw new IllegalStateException(e.getMessage(), e);
            }
            md5.reset();
            byte[] bytes;
            try {
                bytes = value.getBytes("UTF-8");
            } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
                throw new IllegalStateException(e.getMessage(), e);
            }
            md5.update(bytes);
            return md5.digest();
        }

    }