动态规划 专项

https://leetcode-cn.com/tag/dynamic-programming/problemset/

322. 零钱兑换（中等）

https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/coin-change/

class Solution:
    def coinChange(self, coins: List[int], amount: int) -> int:
        #让dp状态数组的状态数为amount+1，且初始值也为amount + 1
        dp = [amount + 1 for i in range(amount + 1)]
        #base 状态
        dp[0] = 0
        for i in range(len(dp)):
            for coin in coins:
                #子问题无解，跳过
                if i - coin < 0:
                    continue
                dp[i] = min(dp[i],dp[i-coin] + 1)
        return dp[amount] if dp[amount] != amount + 1 else - 1                 

300. 最长递增子序列（中等）

https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/longest-increasing-subsequence/
注意子序列和子串的区别，后者必须连续

class Solution:
    def lengthOfLIS(self, nums: List[int]) -> int:
        #初始化dp数组
        dp = [1 for i  in  range(len(nums))]
        for i in range(len(nums)):
            #寻找最长
            for j in range(i):
                if nums[i] > nums[j]:
                    dp[i] = max(dp[i],dp[j]+1)    
        return max(dp)

5. 最长回文子串（中等）

https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/longest-palindromic-substring/

class Solution:
    def longestPalindrome(self, s: str) -> str:
        n = len(s)
        if n < 2:
            return s
        
        dp = [[False]*n for _ in range(n)]
        for i in range(n): #单个字符肯定是回文字符串
            dp[i][i] = True
        
        start = 0
        maxL = 1
        
        for L in range(2, n + 1): #注意这儿是n+1
            for i in range(n): #左边下标
                j = i + L - 1
                if j >= n:
                    break
                if s[i] != s[j]:
                    dp[i][j] = False
                else:
                    if j - i  < 3:
                        dp[i][j] = True
                    else:
                        dp[i][j] = dp[i+1][j-1]
                if dp[i][j] and L > maxL:
                    start = i
                    maxL = L 
        return s[start:start+maxL]

53. 最大子序和（简单）

#第一次写，可能借助了dp数组
class Solution:
    def maxSubArray(self, nums: List[int]) -> int:
        n = len(nums)
        if n == 0:
            return
        dp = [float('-inf') for i in range(n)]
        dp[0] = nums[0]
        maxSubSeqSum = dp[0]
        for i in range(1,n):
            if dp[i-1] < 0:
                dp[i] = nums[i]
            else:
                dp[i] = dp[i-1] + nums[i]
            if dp[i] > maxSubSeqSum:
                maxSubSeqSum = dp[i]
        return maxSubSeqSum
#第二次写将上面进行优化，因为，其实只用到了前一个状态pre
class Solution:
    def maxSubArray(self, nums: List[int]) -> int:
        pre = 0
        maxSubSeqSum = nums[0]
        for i in range(len(nums)):
            pre = max(nums[i],pre + nums[i])
            maxSubSeqSum = max(pre,maxSubSeqSum)
        return maxSubSeqSum

70. 爬楼梯（简单）

class Solution:
    def climbStairs(self, n: int) -> int:
        if n <= 2:
            return n
        dp = [0 for i in range(n+1)]
        dp[0] = 0
        dp[1] = 1
        dp[2] = 2
        for i in range(3,n + 1):
            dp[i] = dp[i-1] + dp[i-2]
        return dp[n]
#去掉dp数组
class Solution:
    def climbStairs(self, n: int) -> int:
        p1 = 0
        p2 = 1
        for i in range(n):
            p = p1 + p2
            p1 = p2
            p2 = p
        return p

剑指 Offer 13. 机器人的运动范围（中等）

https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/ji-qi-ren-de-yun-dong-fan-wei-lcof/

class Solution:
    def movingCount(self, m: int, n: int, k: int) -> int:
        #数字各个位置求和
        def sumNum(number):
            s = 0
            while number:
                d,r = divmod(number,10)
                number = d
                s += r
            return s
        #判断该位置是否valid
        def flag(i, j, m, n, k):
            if i < 0 or j < 0 or i >= m or j >= n or sumNum(i) + sumNum(j) > k:
                return False 
            else:
                return True
        
        dp = [[False for _ in range(n)] for _ in range(m)]
        global validGrid
        validGrid = 0
        
        def dfs(x, y, m, n, k, dp):
            global validGrid
            offset = [[0,-1],[0,1],[-1,0],[1,0]] #左,右,上,下
            if not flag(x, y, m, n, k) or dp[x][y]:
                return
            else:
                dp[x][y] = True
                validGrid += 1
                for i in range(4):
                    dfs(x + offset[i][0], y + offset[i][1], m, n, k, dp)
        
        dfs(0, 0, m, n, k, dp)       
        return validGrid              

152. 乘积最大子数组（中等）

https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/maximum-product-subarray/

class Solution:
    def maxProduct(self, nums) -> int:
        preMax = 1
        preMin = 1
        maxP = float("-inf")
        for i in range(len(nums)):
            t1 = max(max(preMax * nums[i], nums[i]),nums[i] * preMin)
            t2 = min(min(preMin * nums[i], nums[i]),nums[i] * preMax)
            preMax = t1
            preMin = t2
            #print(preMax,preMin)
            maxP = max(preMax,maxP)
        return maxP

但第一次写的时候，写的代码很丑陋（分类讨论了多种情况，把头都绕晕了，其实可以抽象出来）

class Solution:
    def maxProduct(self, nums) -> int:
        preMax = 1
        preMin = 1
        maxP = nums[0]
        minP = nums[0]
        t1 = 1
        t2 = 1
        for i in range(len(nums)):
            if nums[i] > 0:
                if preMax > 0:
                    t1 = preMax * nums[i]
                    t2 = min(nums[i], preMin * nums[i])
                elif preMax < 0:
                    t1 = nums[i]
                    t2 = preMin * nums[i]
                else:
                    t1 = nums[i]
                    t2 = preMin * nums[i]
            elif  nums[i] < 0:
                if preMax > 0:
                    t1 = max(nums[i], nums[i] * preMin)
                    t2 = min(nums[i], nums[i] * preMax)
                elif preMax < 0:
                    t1 = preMin * nums[i]
                    t2 = nums[i]
                else:
                    t1 = max(0,nums[i]*preMin)
                    t2 = nums[i]
            else:
                t1 = 0
                t2 = 0
            preMax = t1
            preMin = t2
            if preMax > maxP:
                maxP = preMax
        return maxP

55. 跳跃游戏（中等）

https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/jump-game/

class Solution:
    def canJump(self, nums) -> bool:
        maxForward = 0
        for i in range(len(nums)):
            if i + nums[i] > maxForward:
                maxForward = i + nums[i]
            if maxForward <= i:
                break
        return i + 1 >= len(nums)

45. 跳跃游戏 II（中等）

https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/jump-game-ii/

class Solution:
    def jump(self, nums) -> int:
        dp = [float("inf") for i in range(len(nums))]
        dp[0] = 0
        for i in range(1,len(nums)):
            minValue = dp[i]
            for j in range(i):
                if j + nums[j] >= i:
                    minValue = min(minValue, dp[j] + 1)
            dp[i] = minValue
        return dp[len(nums) - 1]

62. 不同路径（中等）

class Solution:
    def uniquePaths(self, m: int, n: int) -> int:
        dp = [[0 for i in range(n + 1)] for j in range(m + 1)]
        dp[1][1] = 1
        for i in range(1,m + 1):
            for j in range(1, n + 1):
               if [i,j] == [1,1]:
                   continue
               dp[i][j] = dp[i - 1][j] + dp[i][j - 1]
        return dp[m][n]

时间复杂度和空间复杂度都是o(m*n)
因此可以用组合的方法，直接计算答案，因为从左上到右下，一共要走m+n-2步，因为只能向右以及向下，所以向右和向下分别走了n-1步和m-1步，因此直接从m+n-2里面挑选出n-1即可

class Solution:
    def uniquePaths(self, m: int, n: int) -> int:
        return math.comb(m + n - 2, n - 1)

这样时间复杂度为o(1)

63. 不同路径 II（中等）

https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/unique-paths-ii/

class Solution:
    def uniquePathsWithObstacles(self, obstacleGrid) -> int:
        m = len(obstacleGrid)
        n = len(obstacleGrid[0])
        dp = [[0 for i in range(n + 1)] for j in range(m + 1)]
        if obstacleGrid[0][0] == 1:
            return 0
        dp[1][1] = 1
        for i in range(1,m + 1):
            for j in range(1, n + 1):
                if [i,j] == [1,1]:
                   continue
                if obstacleGrid[i - 1][j - 1] != 1:
                    dp[i][j] = dp[i - 1][j] + dp[i][j - 1]
        return dp[m][n]

64. 最小路径和（中等）

https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/minimum-path-sum/

class Solution:
    def minPathSum(self, grid) -> int:
        m = len(grid)
        n = len(grid[0])
        dp = [[0 for i in range(n)] for j in range(m)]
        dp[0][0] = grid[0][0]
        for i in range(1, m):
            dp[i][0] = grid[i][0] + dp[i - 1][0]
        for j in range(1, n):
            dp[0][j] = grid[0][j] + dp[0][j - 1]
        for i in range(1, m):
            for j in range(1, n):
                dp[i][j] = min(dp[i - 1][j],dp[i][j - 1]) + grid[i][j]
        return dp[m - 1][n - 1]

22. 括号生成（中等）

https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/generate-parentheses/

class Solution:
    def generateParenthesis(self, n: int):
        s = ""
        pre = [s]
        for i in range(n):
            t = set()
            for valid in pre:
                for j in range(len(valid) + 1):
                    t.add(valid[0:j] + "()" + valid[j:])
            pre = list(t)
        return pre

核心思路是上一次的结果，在其字符串中各个插入"()"，靠集合过滤掉重复的valid。

96. 不同的二叉搜索树（中等）

https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/unique-binary-search-trees/

class Solution:
    def numTrees(self, n: int) -> int:
        dp = [0 for i in range(n + 1)]
        dp[0] = 1
        for i in range(1,n + 1):
            s = 0
            for j in range(0, i):
                s += dp[j] * dp[i - j - 1]
            dp[i] = s
        return dp[n]

关键是理解二叉搜索树，求和分别以i做为根结点，左右子树的可能性的乘积

120. 三角形最小路径和（中等）

https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/triangle/

class Solution:
    def minimumTotal(self, triangle) -> int:
        n = len(triangle)
        dp = [[float("inf") for i in range(n + 1)] for j in range(n + 1)]
        dp[0][0] = 0
        for i in range(1,n + 1):
            for j in range(1, i + 1):
                dp[i][j] = min(dp[i - 1][j], dp[i - 1][j - 1]) + triangle[i - 1][j - 1]
        minPathSum = float("inf")
        for j in range(n + 1):
            minPathSum = min(minPathSum,dp[n][j])
        return minPathSum

上面的时间复杂度和空间复杂度都是o(n*n)，但是可以根据状态转移方程可以知道的是，下一层的状态只与上一层的状态有关，而不与上面其他层的状态相关，因此可以将空间复杂度控制在o(n)。

import copy
class Solution:
    def minimumTotal(self, triangle) -> int:
        n = len(triangle)
        dp1 = [float("inf") for i in range(n)]
        dp1[0] = 0
        dp2 = [float("inf")  for i in range(n)]
        for i in range(n):
            for j in range(i + 1):
                if j == 0:
                    dp2[j] = dp1[j] + triangle[i][j]
                else:
                    dp2[j] = min(dp1[j],dp1[j - 1]) + triangle[i][j]
            dp1 = copy.copy(dp2) #注意
        minPathSum = min(dp1)
        return minPathSum

上面其实实际用到的空间是2n，按理可以继续优化到n

198. 打家劫舍（中等）

https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/house-robber/

class Solution:
    def rob(self, nums) -> int:
        n = len(nums)
        if n == 1:
            return nums[0]
        dp = [0 for i in range(n + 1)]
        dp[1] = nums[0]
        dp[2] = nums[1]
        for i in range(3,n + 1):
            dp[i] = max(dp[i - 2], dp[i - 3]) + nums[i - 1]
        return max(dp[n],dp[n - 1])

时间复杂度和空间复杂度都是o(N)，下面把空间复杂度优化到常数项

class Solution:
    def rob(self, nums) -> int:
        n = len(nums)
        f1 = 0
        f2 = 0
        f3 = 0
        maxSum = 0
        for i in range(n + 2):
            if i >= n:
                money = 0
            else:
                money = nums[i]
            maxSum = max(money + max(f2, f3), maxSum)
            f3 = f2
            f2 = f1
            f1 = maxSum
        return maxSum

221. 最大正方形（中等）

https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/maximal-square/

class Solution:
    def maximalSquare(self, matrix) -> int:
        m = len(matrix)
        n = len(matrix[0])
        dp = [[0 for i in range(n + 1)] for j in range(m + 1)]
        res = 0
        for i in range(1,m + 1):
            for j in range(1, n + 1):
                s = dp[i - 1][j - 1] #左上角正方形边长
                flag = True
                for t in range(1, s + 1):
                    if dp[i][j - t] < 1 or dp[i - t][j] < 1:
                        flag = False
                        break
                if matrix[i - 1][j - 1] == "1": #当前位置是否为1
                    if flag:
                        dp[i][j] = s + 1
                    else:
                        dp[i][j] = t #注意
                else:
                    dp[i][j] = 0
                res = max(res, dp[i][j])
        return res * res

上面其实都了一点弯路，可以直接删繁化简为下面的状态转移方程

class Solution:
    def maximalSquare(self, matrix) -> int:
        m = len(matrix)
        n = len(matrix[0])
        dp = [[0 for i in range(n + 1)] for j in range(m + 1)]
        res = 0
        for i in range(1,m + 1):
            for j in range(1, n + 1):
                if matrix[i - 1][j - 1] == "1": #当前位置是否为1
                    dp[i][j] = min([dp[i - 1][j - 1], dp[i][j -1], dp[i - 1][j]]) + 1
                res = max(res, dp[i][j])
        return res * res

279. 完全平方数（中等）

https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/perfect-squares/

import math
class Solution:
    def numSquares(self, n: int) -> int:
        dp = [float("inf") for i in range(n + 1)]
        dp[0] = 0
        for i in range(1, n + 1):
            minV = float("inf")
            for j in range(1, math.floor(math.sqrt(i)) + 1):
                minV = min(minV, dp[i - j * j] + 1)
            dp[i] = minV
        return dp[n]

算法的时间复杂度为$o(N\ast \sqrt{n})$，空间复杂度为o (N)。

121. 买卖股票的最佳时机（简单）

https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/best-time-to-buy-and-sell-stock/

class Solution:
    def maxProfit(self, prices: List[int]) -> int:
        n = len(prices)
        minValue = float(inf)
        maxProfit = float(-inf)
        for i in range(n):
            if prices[i] - minValue > maxProfit:
                maxProfit = prices[i] - minValue
            if prices[i] < minValue:
                minValue = prices[i]
        return maxProfit if maxProfit > 0 else 0

338. 比特位计数（简单）

https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/counting-bits/

class Solution:
    def countBits(self, n: int) -> List[int]:
        dp = [0 for i in range(n + 1)]
        dp[0] = 0
        if n == 0:
            return dp
        preN = 1        
        for i in range(1, n + 1):
            dp[i] = 1 + dp[i - preN] if i / preN != 2 else 1
            if i / preN == 2:
                preN = i
        return dp
#没有用位运算的dp，位运算的解法详见：https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/counting-bits/solution/bi-te-wei-ji-shu-by-leetcode-solution-0t1i/