原文来自:RHCE Red Hat Certified Engineer Linux Study Guide Exam RH302 4th ED 2004.chm
认证目标1.02:Linux文件系统层次结构
在Linux下,一切都被看作是文件。磁盘分区与文件系统设备节点关联,比如/dev/hda1;硬件设备则与节点文件,如/dev/modem相关联;而检测到的设备被映射为文件存放在/proc目录下。Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)文件系统层次标准是用来组织Linux/Unix目录下文件的官方方式。如同其他节一样,本文介绍的只是FHS最基础的东西。你可以到FHS的官方主页www.pathname.com/fhs上获取更多信息。
Linux Filesystems and Directories
大多数主要的目录都与现代Unix/Linux系统相关联,这些目录管理了用户文件,驱动,内核,日志,程序,工具以及其他的类别。FHS的标准化使得Unix系统用户理解Linux更加容易。
所有的FHS都由根目录开始,即是广为人知的符号/。所有其他的目录在下表中都被列出,它们都是/的子目录,而且除非它们被分离加载,你总是可以在相同分区下的根目录下找到它们。
Table 1-1: Basic Filesystem Hierarchy Standard Directories
/
The root directory, the top-level directory in the FHS. All other directories are subdirectories of root, which is always mounted on some partition.
根目录,FHS的顶层目录。所有其他目录都是它的子目录,并且总是挂载在某个分区里。
/bin
Essential command line utilities. Should not be mounted separately; otherwise, it could be difficult to get to these utilities when using a rescue disk.
通用命令行工具。不能被挂载在其他分区,否则,若用修复磁盘时将很难访问到这些工具。
/boot
Includes Linux startup files, including the Linux kernel. The default, 100MB, is usually sufficient for a typical modular kernel and additional kernels that you might install during the RHCE or RHCT exams.
包含了Linux的启动文件、内核。默认大小100MB,在你进行RHCE或RHCT考试时,这大小通常足够存放一份典型的模块内核和附加内核。
/dev
Hardware and software device drivers for everything from floppy drives to terminals. Do not mount this directory on a separate partition.
所有硬件软件设备驱动程序都在此,不要将此目录挂载与不同的分区。
/etc
Most basic configuration files.
大多数基本配置文件存放于此。
/home
Home directories for almost every user.
几乎每个用户都有Home目录。
/lib
Program libraries for the kernel and various command line utilities. Do not mount this directory on a separate partition.
内核程序库及大量的命令行工具,不要将此目录挂载与不同的分区。
/mnt
The mount point for removable media, including floppy drives, CD-ROMs, and Zip disks.
该目录用于挂载可移动存储设备,包括软驱,CDROM,ZIP驱动器等等。
/opt
Applications such as the WordPerfect or OpenOffice.org Office suites.
存放应用程序。
/proc
Currently running kernel-related processes, including device assignments such as IRQ ports, I/O addresses, and DMA channels.
当前运行的内核相关进程,包括诸如IRQ端口、I/O地址、DMA通道之类的设备分配。
/root
The home directory of the root user.
root用户的Home目录。
/sbin
System administration commands. Don't mount this directory separately.
系统管理命令存放处。
/tmp
Temporary files. By default, Red Hat Enterprise Linux deletes all files in this directory periodically.
临时文件。默认情况下,Red Hat Enterprise Linux 定期删除该目录下文件。
/usr
Small programs accessible to all users. Includes many system administration commands and utilities.
所有用户都可以访问的小程序。包括了许多系统管理命令及工具。
/var
Variable data, including log files and printer spools.
可变数据,包括日志文件及打印池。