C语言如何实现封装继承和多态

1. 封装

成员变量比较好说，关键是成员函数怎么办？C中的结构体如何放一个成员函数呢？
答：可以使用函数指针。

typedef struct Base
{
	int a;
	void (*print)(struct Base* this);
}Base;
//模仿基类构造
Base* baseCtor(int a) {
	Base* this = (Base*)malloc(sizeof(Base));
	if(this){
		this->a = a;
		this->print = printBase;//基类的打印函数
	}
	return this;
}
//模仿基类析构
void baseDtor(Base** p){
	if(*p){
		free(*p);
		*p = NULL;
	}
}

void printBase(Base* this){
	printf("Base contains: %d\n", this->a);
}

2. 继承

继承只好通过内嵌一个其他结构体的实例实现。

typedef struct Derived
{
	Base mbase;
	int b;
}Derived;
//模仿派生类构造
Derived* derivedCtor(int a, int b){
	Derived* this = (Derived*)malloc(sizeof(Derived));
	if(this){
		this->mbase.a = a;
		this->b = b;
		this->mbase.print = printDerived;//派生类的打印函数
	}
	return this;
}
//模仿派生类析构
void derivedDtor(Derived** p){
	if(*p){
		free(*p);
		*p = NULL;
	}
}

void printDerived(Base* this){
	Derived* pderived = (Derived*)this;
	printf("Derived contains: %d %d\n", pderived->mbase.a, pderived->b);
}

3. 多态

怎么实现多态？需要利用结构体中的函数指针。
如何利用？构造时将其指向不同的函数。
以下是全部代码：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <malloc.h>

typedef struct Base
{
	int a;
	void (*print)(struct Base* this);
}Base;

typedef struct Derived
{
	Base mbase;
	int b;
}Derived;

void printBase(Base* this){
	printf("Base contains: %d\n", this->a);
}

void printDerived(Base* this){
	Derived* pderived = (Derived*)this;
	printf("Derived contains: %d %d\n", pderived->mbase.a, pderived->b);
}

Base* baseCtor(int a) {
	Base* this = (Base*)malloc(sizeof(Base));
	if(this){
		this->a = a;
		this->print = printBase;
	}
	return this;
}
void baseDtor(Base** p){
	if(*p){
		free(*p);
		*p = NULL;
	}
}

Derived* derivedCtor(int a, int b){
	Derived* this = (Derived*)malloc(sizeof(Derived));
	if(this){
		this->mbase.a = a;
		this->b = b;
		this->mbase.print = printDerived;
	}
	return this;
}
void derivedDtor(Derived** p){
	if(*p){
		free(*p);
		*p = NULL;
	}
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[]) 
{
	Derived* pd = derivedCtor(1,2);
	Base* pb = (Base*)pd;//基类指针指向派生类对象
	pb->print(pb);//调用的是派生类的打印函数
	derivedDtor(&pd);
	return 0; 
} 

输出：

4. 总结

• 封装：结构体内放入函数指针；
• 继承：结构体内嵌别的结构体；
• 多态：函数指针指向不同的函数。