C和指针：第十一章：动态内存分配

第十一章：动态内存分配

1. void *malloc(size_t size)
2. void calloc(szie_t num_elements, size_t element_size)
3. void realloc(void *ptr,size_t new_size)
4. void free(void *ptr)
5. 常见错误：忘记检查是否分配成功 ；操作内存超出分配内存的边界
6. 定义如下不易发生错误的内存分配器，分别在文件alloc.h alloc.c test.c

#ifndef CPOINTER_ALLOC_H
#define CPOINTER_ALLOC_H

#include <stdlib.h>
#define malloc //禁止直接调用malloc
#define MALLOC(num,type) (type *) alloc((num) * sizeof(type))
extern  void *alloc(size_t size);

#endif //CPOINTER_ALLOC_H

#include <stdio.h>
#include "alloc.h"
#undef malloc

void * alloc(size_t size)
{
    void *new_mem;
    //分配内存并检查是否成功
    new_mem = malloc(size);
    if(new_mem == NULL)
    {
        printf("Out of memory! \n");
        exit(1);
    }
    return new_mem;

}

#include "alloc.h"

int main(void )
{
    int *new_memory;
    new_memory = MALLOC(25,int);
}

7. 动态内存分配实例

   /*Example 1:读取、排序和打印一列整型值。*/
   
   #include <stdio.h>
   #include <stdlib.h>
   
   /*比较整型值*/
   int compare_integers (void const * a, void const * b)
   {
       register int const *pa = a;
       register int const *pb = b;
       return *pa > *pb ? 1: *pa < *pb - 1 ? -1 : 0;
   }
   
   int main(void)
   {
       int *array;
       int n_values;
       int i;
       
       /*询问有多少个数*/
       printf("How many values are here?");
       if (scanf("%d", &n_values) != 1 || n_values <= 0)
       {
           printf("Illegal number of values.\n");
           exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
       }
   
       /*分配内存*/
       array = malloc(n_values * sizeof(int));
       if(array == NULL)
       {
           printf("Can't get memory for that many values");
           exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
       }
   
       /*读入数据*/
       for( i = 0; i < n_values; i++)
       {
           printf("? ");
           if (scanf("%d",array + i) != 1)
           {
               printf("Error in reading value #%d\n",i);
               free(array);
               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
           }
       }
   
       /*调用排序*/
       qsort(array, n_values, sizeof(int), compare_integers);
   
       /*打印输出*/
       for( i=0; i < n_values; i += 1)
           printf("%d\n",array[i]);
   
       free(array);
       return EXIT_SUCCESS;
   
       return 0;
   }
   

   /*
   EXample 2:
   用动态分配内存制作一个字符串的一份拷贝。
   *注意:调用程序应该负责检查这块枫存是否成功分配!
   *这样做允许调用程序以任何它所希望的方式对错误作出反应。
   */
   
   #include <stdio.h>
   #include <stdlib.h>
   
   char *strdup( char const *string)
   {
       char *new_string;
       /*+1是为了考虑结尾的NUL字节*/
       new_string = malloc(strlen(string) + 1);
   
       if ( new_string != NULL)
           strcpy(new_string, string);
   
       return new_string;
   }