overload重载;override重写/覆盖;redefine重定义/隐藏
一、重载(overload)
指函数名相同,但是它的参数表列个数或顺序,类型不同。并且不能靠返回类型来判断。
(1)相同的范围(在同一个作用域中) ;
(2)函数名字相同;
(3)参数不同;
(4)virtual关键字可有可无。
(5)返回值可以不同;
二、重写(也称为覆盖override)
是指派生类重新定义基类的虚函数,特征是:
(1)不在同一个作用域(分别位于派生类与基类) ;
(2)函数名字相同;
(3)参数相同;
(4)基类函数必须有virtual 关键字,不能有static 。
(5)返回值相同(或是协变),否则报错;
(6)重写函数的访问修饰符可以不同。尽管virtual 是private 的,派生类中重写改写为public, protected 也是可以的
三、重定义(也成隐藏)
(1)不在同一个作用域(分别位于派生类与基类) ;
(2)函数名字相同;
(3)返回值可以不同;
(4)参数不同。此时,不论有无virtual 关键字,声明为派生类,调用时基类的函数将被隐藏(注意别与重载以及覆盖混淆) 。
(5)参数相同,但是基类函数没有virtual关键字,声明为派生类,调用时基类的函数被隐藏(注意别与覆盖混淆) 。
综上:函数调用看声明,谁声明调用谁,但要解决 (1) 基类调用派生类的问题:基类声明virtual,派生类与基类的函数名和参数相同时,基类可以调用派生类的函数,重写的概念;(2) 派生类调用基类的问题:只要函数名相同,都调用派生类。
#include <iostream>
#include <complex>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
Base() { cout << "Base()" << endl; }
virtual ~Base() { cout << "~Base()" << endl; }
virtual void a(int x) { cout << "Base::a(int)" << endl; }
// overload
virtual void a(double x) { cout << "Base::a(double)" << endl; }
virtual void b(int x) { cout << "Base::b(int)" << endl; }
void c(int x) { cout << "Base::c(int) "<< x << endl; }
};
class Derived : public Base
{
public:
Derived() { cout << "Derived()" << endl; }
~Derived() { cout << "~Derived()" << endl; }
// redefine
void a(complex<double> x) { cout << "Derived::a(complex)" << endl; }
// override : base class must use "virtual"
void b(int x) { cout << "Derived::b(int)" << endl; }
// redefine
void c(int x) { cout << "Derived::c(int)" << endl; }
void c(double x) { cout << "Derived::c(double)" << endl; }
};
int main()
{
{
Base m;
m.a(1);
m.a(1.1);
m.b(10);
m.c(2);
}
cout << "-----------------" << endl;
{
Derived m;
m.a(1);
m.a(1.1);
m.b(10);
m.c(2);
}
cout << "-----------------" << endl;
{
Base* pb = new Derived;
pb->a(1);
pb->a(1.1);
pb->b(10);
pb->c(2);
pb->c(2.1);
delete pb;
}
return 0;
}
/*
Base()
Base::a(int)
Base::a(double)
Base::b(int)
Base::c(int)
~Base()
-----------------
Base()
Derived()
Derived::a(complex)
Derived::a(complex)
Derived::b(int)
Derived::c(int)
~Derived()
~Base()
-----------------
Base()
Derived()
Base::a(int)
Base::a(double)
Derived::b(int)
Base::c(int)
Base::c(int)
~Derived()
~Base()
*/
#include <iostream>
#include <complex>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
Base() { cout << "Base()" << endl; }
virtual ~Base() { cout << "~Base()" << endl; }
void f() { b(1); c(1); d(1); e(1); }
//private:
virtual void b(int x) { cout << "Base::b(int)" << endl; }
virtual void c(int x) { cout << "Base::c(int)" << endl; }
void d(int x) { cout << "Base::d(int)" << endl; }
void e(int x) { cout << "Base::e(int)" << endl; }
};
class Derived : public Base
{
public:
Derived() { cout << "Derived()" << endl; }
~Derived() { cout << "~Derived()" << endl; }
void f() { b(1); c(1); d(1); e(1); }
void b(int x) { cout << "Derived::b(int)" << endl; }
void c(double x) { cout << "Derived::c(int)" << endl; }
void d(int x) { cout << "Derived::d(int)" << endl; }
void e(double x) { cout << "Derived::e(int)" << endl; }
};
int main()
{
{
Base m;
m.f();
}
cout << "-----------------" << endl;
{
Derived m;
m.f();
}
cout << "-----------------" << endl;
{
Base* pb = new Derived;
pb->f();
delete pb;
}
getchar();
return 0;
}
/*
Base()
Base::b(int)
Base::c(int)
Base::d(int)
Base::e(int)
~Base()
-----------------
Base()
Derived()
Derived::b(int)
Derived::c(int)
Derived::d(int)
Derived::e(int)
~Derived()
~Base()
-----------------
Base()
Derived()
Derived::b(int)
Base::c(int)
Base::d(int)
Base::e(int)
~Derived()
~Base()
*/
virtual ~Base() 必须添加virtual,防止内存泄漏,若不加则子类不会进行析构。
class base
{
public:
virtual fun() = 0; //0标志一个虚函数为纯虚函数
}