序列型容器之array

https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container

• 头文件

<array>

• 声明

template<
    class T,
    std::size_t N
> struct array;

• 描述

std::array 是一个容器，它封装了固定大小的数组。

这个容器是与C风格的数组T[N]具有相同的语义结构的集合类型。与C风格数组不同的是，它不能直接自动变成T*。作为一个集合类型，它可以由集合进行初始化： std::array<int, 3> a = {1,2,3};.

这个结构结合了C风格的高性能和方便性和标准容器收益，例如，知道它的大小、它支持的赋值、随机访问iterators，等等。

一个特殊情况，数组大小为0.这种情况下，array.begin() == array.end()，且是某个唯一值。对0大小的数组进行front()或back()的调用结果未定义。

• 迭代

值得说明的是，在“swap”期间，迭代器会继续指向相同的数组元素，并改变它的值。

• 成员类型

类型	定义
value_type	T
size_type	std::size_t
difference_type	std::ptrdiff_t
reference	value_type&
const_reference	const value_type&
pointer	value_type*
const_pointer	const value_type*
iterator	legacyRandomAccessIterator and ConstexprIterator (since C++20)that is a LiteralType (since C++17)
const_iterator	Constant LegacyRandomAccessIterator and ConstexprIterator (since C++20)that is a LiteralType (since C++17)
reverse_iterator	std::reverse_iterator<iterator>
const_reverse_iterator	std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>

• 成员操作

         元素访问

at	access specified element with bounds checking (public member function)
operator[]	access specified element (public member function)
front	access the first element (public member function)
back	access the last element (public member function)
data	direct access to the underlying array (public member function).获取数组的数据存放的内存地址

      迭代器

begin cbegin	returns an iterator to the beginning (public member function)
end cend	returns an iterator to the end (public member function)
rbegin crbegin	returns a reverse iterator to the beginning (public member function)

     指标相关操作

empty	checks whether the container is empty (public member function)
size	returns the number of elements (public member function)
max_size	returns the maximum possible number of elements (public member function)

    数值操作

fill	void fill( const T& value );	fill the container with specified value (public member function)
swap	void swap( array& other ) noexcept(/* see below */);	swaps the contents (public member function)

• 举例

#include <string>
#include <iterator>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <array>
 
int main()
{
    // construction uses aggregate initialization
    std::array<int, 3> a1{ {1, 2, 3} }; // double-braces required in C++11 prior to the CWG 1270 revision
                                        // (not needed in C++11 after the revision and in C++14 and beyond)
    std::array<int, 3> a2 = {1, 2, 3};  // never required after =
    std::array<std::string, 2> a3 = { std::string("a"), "b" };
 
    // container operations are supported
    std::sort(a1.begin(), a1.end());
    std::reverse_copy(a2.begin(), a2.end(), 
                      std::ostream_iterator<int>(std::cout, " "));
 
    std::cout << '\n';
 
    // ranged for loop is supported
    for(const auto& s: a3)
        std::cout << s << ' ';
}
Output:

3 2 1 
a b