Singleton模式

这几天感觉想写点什么，但又没什么好写，最近又听人说起单例模式，所以想复习一下，把它写在这里。
单例就是指一个类只有一个实例。准确定义：

[color=darkblue][size=medium]The Single pattern provides the possibility to control the number of instances(mostly one) that are allowed to be made.We also receive a global
point of access to it(them).[/size][/color]

实现方法有三种：

1、采用synchronized方法的方式实现。

public class Singleton {
	private static Singleton uniqueInstance;
	private Singleton(){}
	public static synchronized Singleton getInstance(){
		if(uniqueInstance==null){
			uniqueInstance = new Singleton();
		}
		return uniqueInstance;
	}
}

此方法有一些不足：因为只有第一次执行此方法时，才真正需要同步，一旦设置好uniqueInstance变量，就不再需要同步此方法。因此存在一些性能影响。

2、急切实例化

public class EagerSingleton {
	private static EagerSingleton uniqueInstance = new EagerSingleton();
	private EagerSingleton(){}
	public static  EagerSingleton getInstance(){
		return uniqueInstance;
	}
}

此方法在使用之前就把对象创建好了，所以不存在同步问题。如果在创建和运行时负担不太重的话，则较为合理。

3、双重检查加锁

public class DoubleCheckedSingleton {
	private volatile static DoubleCheckedSingleton uniqueInstance;
	private DoubleCheckedSingleton() {
	}
	public static DoubleCheckedSingleton getInstance() {
		if (uniqueInstance == null) {
			synchronized (DoubleCheckedSingleton.class) {
				if (uniqueInstance == null) {
					uniqueInstance = new DoubleCheckedSingleton();
				}
			}
		}
		return uniqueInstance;
	}
}

volatile: 当uniqueInstance被实例化时，多个线程正确地处理uniqueInstance变量,在JAVA 5 中有效。

单例模式的使用场合：
[color=darkblue]
[size=medium]When only one instance or a specific number of instances of a class are allowed.
Facade objects are often Singletons because only one Facade object is required.
[/size][/color]
就是说当一个对象只需要一个实例或明确的实例个数时才被使用。外观对象（具体可见外观模式）通常就是单例模式。

优点：
[size=medium][color=darkblue] * Controlled access to unique instance.
* Reduced name space.
* Allows refinement of operations and representations.[/color][/size]

缺点：
[size=medium][color=darkblue] Singleton pattern is also considered an anti-pattern by some people,who feel that it is overused,introducing unnecessary limitations in situations where a sole instance of a class is not actually required. [/color] [/size]

最新发现一种，就是通过枚举enum的方式：

public enum Elvis {
    INSTANCE;
    private int age;
    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
}

and then called Elvis.INSTANCE.getAge()也可以这样：

public enum Elvis {
    INSTANCE;
    private int age;


    public static int getAge() {
        return INSTANCE.age;
    }
}

and called Elvis.getAge()
优点：无偿的提供了序列化机制，能绝对保证实例的唯一性，是实现单例的最佳方法。