文章目录
Cookie
HTTP协议是无状态的。无状态的意思是每次请求都是独立的,它的执行情况和结果与前面的请求和之后的请求都无直接关系,它不会受前面的请求响应情况直接影响,也不会直接影响后面的请求响应情况。
Cookie具体指的是一段小信息,它是服务器发送出来存储在浏览器上的一组组键值对,下次访问服务器时浏览器会自动携带这些键值对,以便服务器提取有用信息。
cookie的工作原理是:由服务器产生内容,浏览器收到请求后保存在本地;当浏览器再次访问时,浏览器会自动带上Cookie,这样服务器就能通过Cookie的内容来判断这个是“谁”了。
设置cookie
response = HttpResponse()
response.set_cookie('name', 'Tom', max_age=10)
response.set_signed_cookie('age', '18', salt='加密盐', max_age=10)
获取cookie
request.COOKIES('key')
request.get_signed_cookie('is_login', default='0', salt='加密盐')
删除cookie
response.delete_cookie('key')
参数:
- key:键
- value:值
- max_age=None, 超时时间
- expires=None, 超时时间(IE requires expires, so set it if hasn’t been already.)
- path=’/’, Cookie生效的路径,/ 表示根路径,特殊的:根路径的cookie可以被任何url的页面访问
- domain=None, Cookie生效的域名
- secure=False, https传输
- httponly=False 只能http协议传输,无法被JavaScript获取(不是绝对,底层抓包可以获取到也可以被覆盖)
Cookie 登录验证
urls:
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^login/$', views.login, name='login'),
url(r'^home/$', views.home, name='home'),
url(r'^logout/$', views.logout, name='logout'),
url(r'^index/$', views.index, name='index'),
]
template:
login界面
<h1>这是登录页面!</h1>
<form action="{{ request.get_full_path }}" method="post">
<p>
用户名:
<input type="text" name="user">
</p>
<p>
密码:
<input type="password" name="pwd">
</p>
<p>
<input type="submit" value="登录">
</p>
</form>
home界面
<h1>这是home页面!</h1>
<a href="/app01/logout/">注销</a>
<a href="/cookie/index/">跳转index界面</a>
views:
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect, HttpResponse
from functools import wraps
# 检查是否登录
def check_login(func):
@wraps(func)
def inner(request, *args, **kwargs):
ret = request.get_signed_cookie('is_login', default='0', salt='pwd')
if ret == '1':
# 已登录
return func(request, *args, **kwargs)
else:
# 未登录
print('request.path_info:', request.path_info)
print('request.path:', request.path)
print('request.get_full_path:', request.get_full_path())
next_url = request.path_info
return redirect('/cookie/login/?next_url={}'.format(next_url))
return inner
# 登录
def login(request):
if request.method == 'POST':
user = request.POST.get('user')
password = request.POST.get('password')
next_url = request.GET.get('next_url')
if user == 'Tom' and password == '123456':
if next_url:
response = redirect(next_url)
else:
response = redirect('/cookie/home/')
response.set_signed_cookie('is_login', '1', salt='pwd', max_age=10)
return response
return render(request, 'login.html')
# 首页
def home(request):
ret = request.get_signed_cookie('is_login', default='0', salt='pwd')
if ret == '1':
return render(request, 'home.html')
else:
return redirect('/cookie/login/')
# index界面
@check_login
def index(request):
return render(request, 'index.html')
# 登出
def logout(request):
response = redirect('/cookie/login/')
response.delete_cookie('is_login')
return response
Session
Cookie弥补了HTTP无状态的不足,让服务器知道来的人是“谁”;但是Cookie以文本的形式保存在本地,自身安全性较差;所以我们就通过Cookie识别不同的用户,对应的在Session里保存私密的信息以及超过4096字节的文本。
session依赖于cookie。cookie保存在浏览器,session保存在服务器。
设置session
request.session['name'] = 'Tom'
request.session.setdefault('age', 20)
# 设置session超时时间
# value是个整数,session超时时间是秒
# value是datetime活timedelta,session在制定时间失效
# value是0,用户关闭浏览器失效
# value是None,session依赖全家session策略
request.session.set_expiry(value)
获取session
name = request.session.get('name', None)
age = request.session['age']
# 获取所有键
keys = request.session.keys()
# 获取所有值
values = request.session.values()
# 获取所有键值对
items = request.session.items()
# session的key
session_key = request.session.session_key
# 判断数据库里是否有session的key
request.session.exists("session_key")
删除session
# 清除过期数据
request.session.clear_expired()
# 删除当前会话中所有的session数据
request.session.delete()
# 删除当前会话的session数据和cookie数据
request.session.flush()
Session 登录验证
from functools import wraps
def check_login(func):
@wraps(func)
def inner(request, *args, **kwargs):
ret = request.session.get('is_login')
if ret == '1':
return func(request, *args, **kwargs)
else:
next_url = request.path_info
return redirect('/session/login/?next_url={}'.format(next_url))
return inner
def login(request):
if request.method == 'POST':
user = request.POST.get('user')
password = request.POST.get('password')
next_url = request.GET.get('next_url')
if user == 'Jim' and password == '123456':
if next_url:
response = redirect(next_url)
else:
response = redirect('/session/home/')
# 设置session
request.session['user'] = user
request.session['is_login'] = '1'
request.session.set_expiry(10)
return response
return render(request, 'session/login.html')
@check_login
def home(request):
user = request.session.get('user', None)
return render(request, 'session/home.html', {'user': user})
@check_login
def index(request):
return render(request, 'session/index.html')
@check_login
def logout(request):
# 删除所有session
request.session.delete()
return redirect('/session/login/')
CBV使用装饰器
1. 装饰器加在get或post方法上
from django import views
from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
class UserInfo(views.View):
@method_decorator(check_login)
def get(self, request):
user = request.session.get('user')
return render(request, 'session/userinfo.html', {'user': user})
2. 装饰器加在dispatch方法上
class Info(views.View):
@method_decorator(check_login)
def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
def get(self, request):
user = request.session.get('user')
return render(request, 'session/userinfo.html', {'user': user})
因为CBV中首先执行的就是dispatch方法,所以这么写相当于给get和post方法都加上了登录校验。
3. 装饰器加在视图类上
@method_decorator(check_login, name='get')
class MyInfo(views.View):
def get(self, request):
user = request.session.get('user')
return render(request, 'session/userinfo.html', {'user': user})
method_decorator必须传 name 关键字参数