K8S部署Prometheus监控平台并实现监控告警

监控数据库及中间件请参考下篇文章:K8S+Prometheus之监控各数据库及中间件

1. 概述

本文采用helm安装Prometheus+Grafana,及数据库&中间件的exporter,并通过配置alertmanager及告警规则监控物理机及各组件的状态,并实现邮件报警。其中所采用的helm仓库及chart包如下所示:

  • helm仓库:
grafana: https://grafana.github.io/helm-charts
prometheus-community: https://prometheus-community.github.io/helm-charts
  • chart包:
grafana/grafana

prometheus-community/prometheus

prometheus-community/prometheus-mysql-exporter
prometheus-community/prometheus-redis-exporter
prometheus-community/prometheus-kafka-exporter
prometheus-community/prometheus-rabbitmq-exporter

2. 准备工作

2.1. 安装helm

  • 项目地址:https://github.com/helm/helm

  • 安装:

# 下载(自行选择版本)
wget https://get.helm.sh/helm-v3.6.1-linux-amd64.tar.gz

# 解压
tar zxvf helm-v3.6.1-linux-amd64.tar.gz

# 安装
mv linux-amd64/helm /usr/local/bin/

# 验证
helm version

2.2. chart包下载

# 添加grafana和prometheus-community仓库
helm repo add grafana https://grafana.github.io/helm-charts
helm repo add prometheus-community https://prometheus-community.github.io/helm-charts

# 更新仓库
helm repo update

# 查询chart
helm search repo grafana

# 创建工作目录
mkdir -p workspace/[grafana,prometheus]

# 拉取所有的chart包(请放到相应的目录中)
helm pull grafana/grafana

helm pull prometheus-community/prometheus
helm pull prometheus-community/prometheus-mysql-exporter
helm pull prometheus-community/prometheus-redis-exporter
helm pull prometheus-community/prometheus-kafka-exporter
helm pull prometheus-community/prometheus-rabbitmq-exporter

# 分别解压
tar zxvf [压缩包] 

2.3. 镜像同步

  • prometheus内嵌kube-state-metrics安装包,其使用的是gcr镜像,也是所有chart包中唯一的gcr镜像,可能会导致镜像拉取失败,因此有必要提前同步该镜像

image-20210805172129511

  • 编辑配置文件

已同步到个人阿里云镜像仓库

vim ~/workspace/prometheus/prometheus/charts/kube-state-metrics/values.yaml
# Default values for kube-state-metrics.
prometheusScrape: true
image:
  repository: registry.cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/lc-sc/kube-state-metrics
  tag: v2.0.0
  pullPolicy: IfNotPresent

3. 安装Prometheus

  • 进入工作目录,按需修改镜像,持久化存储,副本数等配置;
  • 建议首次部署时直接修改values中的配置,而不是用–set的方式,这样后期upgrade不必重复设置。
cd  ~/workspace/promethues/promethues
vim values.yaml

3.1. 设置持久化存储

  • 若无需持久化,将enabled设置为false
  • 若使用文件存储,需将accessMode改为ReadWriteMany
  • storageClass的创建请参考之前的文章
# 搜索持久化设置,VIM界面按Esc后输入(再按n搜索下一个):
/persistentVolume

# 总共有三处,分别为alertmanager,Prometheus server和pushgateway。
# 参考官方文档建议配置,本文开启alertmanager和Prometheus server的持久化

image-20210805175106482

3.2. 部署

# 创建命名空间
kubectl create ns prometheus

# 确保是在工作目录:~/workspace/prometheus/prometheus,helm部署
helm install prometheus -n prometheus .
  • 部署完查看service,将会在grafana中配置数据源时用到

image-20210805175834462

3.3. 创建NodePort

亦可在values中设置

vim service-np.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: prometheus-server-np
  namespace: prometheus
spec:
  ports:
  - name: http
    port: 80
    protocol: TCP
    targetPort: 9090
    nodePort: 30090
  selector:
    app: prometheus
    component: server
    release: prometheus
  type: NodePort
kubectl apply -f service-np.yaml
  • 访问prometheus控制台

image-20210805192132947

4. 安装Grafana

4.1. 创建Secret

  • 在grafana命名空间下新建secret,帐号密码:admin / grafana
kubectl create ns grafana

echo -n "admin" | base64
echo -n "grafana" | base64
vim secret.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: grafana
  namespace: grafana
type: Opaque
data:
  admin-user: YWRtaW4=
  admin-password: Z3JhZmFuYQ==
kubectl apply -f secret.yaml

4.2. chart包参数设置

  • 进入工作目录,按需修改镜像,持久化存储,副本数等配置;
  • 建议首次部署时直接修改values中的配置,而不是用–set的方式,这样后期upgrade不必重复设置。
cd  ~/workspace/grafana/grafana
vim values.yaml
4.2.1. 设置密码
admin:
  existingSecret: "grafana"    # 即之前创建的secret
  userKey: admin-user
  passwordKey: admin-password

image-20210805202515948

4.2.2. 设置持久化存储
  • 若无需持久化,将enabled设置为false
  • 若使用文件存储,需将accessMode改为ReadWriteMany
# 搜索持久化设置,VIM界面按Esc后输入:
/persistence

persistence:
  type: pvc
  enabled: true
  storageClassName: nfs-sc
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  size: 2Gi

image-20210805201847152

4.3. 部署

helm install grafana -n grafana .

4.4. 创建NodePort

亦可在values中设置

vim service-np.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: grafana-np
  namespace: grafana
spec:
  ports:
  - name: service
    port: 80
    protocol: TCP
    targetPort: 3000
    nodePort: 30130
  selector:
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: grafana
    app.kubernetes.io/name: grafana
  type: NodePort
kubectl apply -f service-np.yaml

5. 配置dashboard

5.1. 登录grafana

帐号密码(之前自定义的secret): admin /grafana

image-20210805202220603

5.2. 配置Data sources

  • 首先,获取prometheus的service地址
# 查询svc
kubectl get svc -n prometheus

# prometheus-server.prometheus:80
  • 进入Data sources配置页面

image-20210805202717816

  • 添加Prometheus,URL填入prometheus的service(80端口可省略)

image-20210805202858810

5.3. 导入dashboard模版

  • Data sources配置完成后,导入模版

image-20210805203008361

  • 导入模版:8919

8919:Node Exporter for Prometheus Dashboard CN v20201010

更多模版请参考官网网站:https://grafana.com/grafana/dashboards

image-20210805203129789

  • 数据源选择Prometheus,然后点击import

image-20210805203220083

  • 最终效果:

image-20210805204720631

6. 监控告警功能

6.1. alertmanager邮箱告警配置

  • 首先开通SMTP服务,QQ邮箱:设置–帐号–开通POP3/SMTP服务,记住生成的密码(其它邮箱同理)

image-20210806151500096

  • 编辑prometheus的values.yaml文件,配置邮箱告警
vim ~/workspace/prometheus/prometheus/values.yaml

# 定位到alertmanager的配置文件,VIM界面按Esc后输入:
/alertmanagerFiles
alertmanagerFiles:
  alertmanager.yml:
    global:
      resolve_timeout: 5m
      # 邮箱告警配置
      smtp_hello: 'prometheus'
      smtp_from: 'xxx@qq.com'
      smtp_smarthost: 'smtp.qq.com:465'  # 其它邮箱请填写相应的host
      smtp_auth_username: 'xxx@qq.com'
      smtp_auth_password: 'xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'
      smtp_require_tls: false            # qq邮箱需要设定
    templates:
    - '/etc/config/*.tmpl'               # 指定告警模板路径
    receivers:
      - name: email
        email_configs:
        - to: 'xxx@qq.com'
          headers: {"subject":'{{ template "email.header" . }}'}
          html: '{{ template "email.html" . }}'
          send_resolved: true            # 发送报警解除邮件
    route:
      group_wait: 5s                     # 分组等待时间
      group_interval: 5s                 # 上下两组发送告警的间隔时间
      receiver: email
      repeat_interval: 5m                # 重复发送告警时间
    inhibit_rules:                       # 告警抑制:当多级别规则同时生效时,只发送最高级别的告警
    - source_match:
        severity: 'critical'
      target_match:
        severity: 'warning'
      equal: ['alertname']

  template_email.tmpl: |-           # 告警模版
    {{ define "email.header" }}
    {{ if eq .Status "firing"}}[Warning]: {{ range .Alerts }}{{ .Annotations.summary }} {{ end }}{{ end }}
    {{ if eq .Status "resolved"}}[Resolved]: {{ range .Alerts }}{{ .Annotations.resolve_summary }} {{ end }}{{ end }}
    {{ end }}

    {{ define "email.html" }}
    {{ if gt (len .Alerts.Firing) 0 -}}
    <font color="#FF0000"><h3>[Warning]:</h3></font>
    {{ range .Alerts }}
    告警级别:{{ .Labels.severity }}   <br>
    告警类型:{{ .Labels.alertname }}   <br>
    故障主机: {{ .Labels.instance }}   <br>
    告警主题: {{ .Annotations.summary }}   <br>
    告警详情: {{ .Annotations.description }}   <br>
    触发时间: {{ (.StartsAt.Add 28800e9).Format "2006-01-02 15:04:05" }}   <br>
    {{- end }}
    {{- end }}

    {{ if gt (len .Alerts.Resolved) 0 -}}
    <font color="#66CDAA"><h3>[Resolved]:</h3></font>
    {{ range .Alerts }}
    告警级别:{{ .Labels.severity }}   <br>
    告警类型:{{ .Labels.alertname }}   <br>
    故障主机: {{ .Labels.instance }}   <br>
    告警主题: {{ .Annotations.resolve_summary }}   <br>
    告警详情: {{ .Annotations.resolve_description }}   <br>
    触发时间: {{ (.StartsAt.Add 28800e9).Format "2006-01-02 15:04:05" }}   <br>
    恢复时间: {{ (.EndsAt.Add 28800e9).Format "2006-01-02 15:04:05" }}   <br>
    {{- end }}
    {{- end }}
    {{- end }}

6.2. prometheus告警规则配置

  • 接着配置告警规则,以“物理节点状态”为例,先在prometheus控制台测试此条告警规则,确保输出有效:
up{component="node-exporter"} 

image-20210806151134924

  • 在values中配置告警规则(就在alertmanger的配置文件下方)
serverFiles:
  alerting_rules.yml:
    groups:
      - name: 物理节点状态-监控告警
        rules:
          - alert: Node-up
            expr: up {component="node-exporter"} == 0
            for: 2s
            labels:
              severity: critical
            annotations:
              summary: "服务器{{ $labels.kubernetes_node }}已停止运行!"
              description: "检测到服务器{{ $labels.kubernetes_node }}已异常停止,IP: {{ $labels.instance }},请排查!"
              resolve_summary: "服务器{{ $labels.kubernetes_node }}已恢复运行!"
              resolve_description: "服务器{{ $labels.kubernetes_node }}已恢复运行,IP: {{ $labels.instance }}。"

6.3. 更新prometheus

  • 编辑完成后,更新prometheus

每次增加规则中都需要upgrage,更新后pod中的“configmap-reload”容器会重载配置文件,可能需要等待几分钟

helm upgrade prometheus -n prometheus .
  • 查询alertmanger的配置文件是否更新(server同理):
kubectl logs -f -n prometheus prometheus-alertmanager-7757db759b-9nq9c prometheus-alertmanager

image-20210806103815005

  • 查询server的configmap(alertmanger同理)
kubectl get configmap -n prometheus
kubectl describe configmaps -n prometheus prometheus-server

image-20210806104124062

  • 在alert控制台查看告警规则是否生效:

image-20210806152001660

6.4. 告警测试

  • 停掉某台节点(k8s-node1)

image-20210806145439890

  • 可观察到Alert中,该告警规则状态由Inactive转到Pending再到Firing,而当状态转为Firing,将发送告警邮件

Pending到Firing的变化默认为1分钟,若想缩短时间,请修改value.yaml中的server.global.scrape_interval字段,如15s

image-20210806145525139

image-20210806145539814

  • 告警邮件

image-20210806150915696

image-20210806151046098

7. 附告警规则

部分参考自阿里云Prometheus监控报警规则

7.1. K8S组件状态

7.1.1. target状态
sum by (instance,job) (up)
7.1.2. CPU使用率
round (sum by (instance,job) (rate(process_cpu_seconds_total[2m]) * 100)) > 80
7.1.3. 句柄数
sum by (instance,job) (process_open_fds) > 600
7.1.4. 虚拟内存
sum by (instance,job) (round(process_virtual_memory_bytes/1024/1024)) > 4096

7.2. 集群资源状态

7.2.1. 资源限制:总CPU资源过载(超过80%)

集群 CPU 过度使用,CPU 已经过度使用无法容忍节点故障

round(sum(kube_pod_container_resource_requests{resource="cpu"}) / sum(kube_node_status_allocatable{resource="cpu"})*100) > 80
7.2.2. 资源限制:总内存资源过载(超过80%)

集群内存过度使用,内存已经过度使用无法容忍节点故障

round(sum(kube_pod_container_resource_requests{resource="memory"}) / sum(kube_node_status_allocatable{resource="memory"})*100) > 80
7.2.3. KubeletTooManyPods(Pod过多)
max(max(kubelet_running_pods) by(instance) * on(instance) group_left(node) kubelet_node_name) by(node) / max(kube_node_status_capacity{resource="pods"} != 1) by(node) > 0.9

7.3. Node资源状态

7.3.1. CPU使用率
round((1 - avg(rate(node_cpu_seconds_total{component="node-exporter",mode="idle"}[5m])) by (instance)) * 100) 
7.3.2. 内存
round((1 - (node_memory_MemAvailable_bytes / (node_memory_MemTotal_bytes)))* 100) 
7.3.3. 剩余容量
(round((node_filesystem_avail_bytes{fstype=~"ext4|xfs"} / node_filesystem_size_bytes{fstype=~"ext4|xfs"}) * 100 < 30 ) and node_filesystem_readonly{fstype=~"ext4|xfs"} == 0)
7.3.4. 预测剩余容量
( round(predict_linear(node_filesystem_avail_bytes{fstype=~"ext4|xfs"}[24h], 7*24*60*60)/1024/1024/1024) < 30   and node_filesystem_readonly{fstype=~"ext4|xfs"} == 0 )
7.3.5. 节点磁盘的IO使用率
100-(avg(rate(node_disk_io_time_seconds_total[2m])) by(instance)* 100) < 80
7.3.6. NodeNetworkReceiveErrs(Node网络接收错误)
sum (increase(node_network_receive_errs_total[2m])) by (instance) > 10
7.3.7. NodeNetworkTransmitErrs(Node网络传输错误)
sum (increase(node_network_transmit_errs_total[2m])) by (instance) > 10
7.3.8. 入网流量带宽

持续5分钟高于100M

((sum(rate (node_network_receive_bytes_total{device!~'tap.*|veth.*|br.*|docker.*|virbr*|lo*'}[5m])) by (instance)) /102400) > 100
7.3.9. 出网流量带宽
((sum(rate (node_network_transmit_bytes_total{device!~'tap.*|veth.*|br.*|docker.*|virbr*|lo*'}[5m])) by (instance))/102400) > 100
7.3.10. TCP_ESTABLISHED过高
node_netstat_Tcp_CurrEstab > 1000

7.4. Pod

7.4.1. PodCpu75(Pod的CPU使用率大于75%)

container!=“POD”, container!=“”}[2m]

{name=~“.+”}:筛选,避免重复指标

round(100*(sum(rate(container_cpu_usage_seconds_total {name=~".+"}[2m])) by (namespace,pod)  /   sum(kube_pod_container_resource_limits{resource="cpu"}) by (namespace,pod))) > 75
7.4.2. PodMemory75(Pod的内存使用率大于75%)
100 * sum(container_memory_working_set_bytes{name=~".+"}) by (namespace,pod) / sum(kube_pod_container_resource_limits {resource="memory"}) by (namespace,pod) > 75
7.4.3. pod_status_no_running(Pod的状态为未运行)
sum (kube_pod_status_phase{phase!="Running"}) by (namespace,pod,phase) > 0
7.4.4. PodMem4GbRestart(Pod的内存大于4096MB)
(sum (container_memory_working_set_bytes{name=~".+"})by (namespace,pod,container_name) /1024/1024) > 4096
7.4.5. PodRestart(Pod重启)

{pod!~“aws-load-balancer-controller.*”}

sum (round(increase (kube_pod_container_status_restarts_total[5m]))) by (namespace,pod) > 0
7.4.6. KubePodCrashLooping(Pod出现循环崩溃)
rate(kube_pod_container_status_restarts_total{app_kubernetes_io_name="kube-state-metrics"}[15m]) * 60 * 5 > 0
7.4.7. KubePodNotReady(Pod未准备好)
sum by (namespace, pod) (max by(namespace, pod) (kube_pod_status_phase{app_kubernetes_io_name="kube-state-metrics", phase=~"Pending|Unknown"}) * on(namespace, pod) group_left(owner_kind) max by(namespace, pod, owner_kind) (kube_pod_owner{owner_kind!="Job"}))  > 0
7.4.8. KubeContainerWaiting(容器等待)
sum by (namespace, pod, container) (kube_pod_container_status_waiting{app_kubernetes_io_name="kube-state-metrics"}) > 0

7.5. Deployment

7.5.1. KubeDeploymentGenerationMismatch(出现部署集版本不匹配)
kube_deployment_status_observed_generation{app_kubernetes_io_name="kube-state-metrics"} != kube_deployment_metadata_generation{app_kubernetes_io_name="kube-state-metrics"}
7.5.2. KubeDeploymentReplicasMismatch(出现部署集副本不匹配)
( kube_deployment_spec_replicas{app_kubernetes_io_name="kube-state-metrics"} != kube_deployment_status_replicas_available{app_kubernetes_io_name="kube-state-metrics"} ) and ( changes(kube_deployment_status_replicas_updated{app_kubernetes_io_name="kube-state-metrics"}[5m]) == 0 )
7.5.3. 检测到部署集有更新
sum by (namespace, deployment) (changes(kube_deployment_status_observed_generation{app_kubernetes_io_name="kube-state-metrics"}[5m])) > 0

7.6. StatefulSet

7.6.1. KubeStatefulSetGenerationMismatch(状态集版本不匹配)
kube_statefulset_status_observed_generation{app_kubernetes_io_name="kube-state-metrics"} != kube_statefulset_metadata_generation{app_kubernetes_io_name="kube-state-metrics"}
7.6.2. KubeStatefulSetReplicasMismatch(状态集副本不匹配)
( kube_statefulset_status_replicas_ready{app_kubernetes_io_name="kube-state-metrics"} != kube_statefulset_status_replicas{app_kubernetes_io_name="kube-state-metrics"} ) and ( changes(kube_statefulset_status_replicas_updated{app_kubernetes_io_name="kube-state-metrics"}[5m]) == 0 )
7.6.3. 检测到状态集有更新
sum by (namespace, statefulset) (changes(kube_statefulset_status_observed_generation{app_kubernetes_io_name="kube-state-metrics"}[5m]))

7.7. PV&PVC

7.7.1. KubePersistentVolumeFillingUp(块存储PVC容量即将不足)
sum by (namespace,persistentvolumeclaim) (round(kubelet_volume_stats_available_bytes / kubelet_volume_stats_capacity_bytes*100)) < 20
7.7.2. KubePersistentVolumeErrors(PV容量出错)
sum by (persistentvolume) (kube_persistentvolume_status_phase{phase=~"Failed|Pending",app_kubernetes_io_name="kube-state-metrics"}) > 0
7.7.3. KubePersistentVolumeFillingUp(PVC空间耗尽预测)

通过PVC资源使用6小时变化率预测 接下来4天的磁盘使用率

(kubelet_volume_stats_available_bytes / kubelet_volume_stats_capacity_bytes ) < 0.4 and predict_linear(kubelet_volume_stats_available_bytes[6h], 4 * 24 * 3600) < 0

8. 监控各数据库及中间件

监控数据库及中间件请参考下篇文章:K8S+Prometheus之监控各数据库及中间件


若本篇内容对您有所帮助,请三连点赞,关注,收藏支持下,谢谢~

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