8、结构体定义及访问、结构体与数组、结构体与指针、结构体的嵌套

1、结构体数据定义及访问

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
//1、结构体定义:struct 结构体名 {结构体成员列表};
struct Student
{
   string name;
   int age;
   int score;

};
//2、通过学生类型创建具体的学生(3种方法)
int main()
{
   //2.1 struct Student s1
   struct Student s1;
   s1.name="小王";
   s1.age = 13;
   s1.score=90;
   cout<<"姓名:"<<s1.name<<" 年龄："<<s1.age<<" 分数:"<<s1.score<<endl;
   //2.2 struct Student s2 ={...}
   struct Student s2 ={"李四",19,89};
   cout<<"姓名:"<<s2.name<<" 年龄："<<s2.age<<" 分数:"<<s2.score<<endl;
   //2.3 在定义结构体变量时顺便创建结构体变量
   struct Student1
   {
      string name;
      int age;
      int score;

   }s3;
   s3.name="赵六";
   s3.age=18;
   s3.score=78;
   cout<<"姓名:"<<s3.name<<" 年龄："<<s3.age<<" 分数:"<<s3.score<<endl;

}

2、结构体与数组

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
struct Student
{
   string name;
   int age;
   int score;

};
int main()
{
   //1、创建结构体数组
   struct Student starry[3]=
   {
      {"张三",18,100},
      {"李四",30,98},
      {"赵六",23,88}
   };
   //2、给结构体中的元素赋值
   starry[0].name="梅子";
   starry[0].age=46;
   starry[0].score=60;
   //3、结构体遍历
   for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
   {
      cout<<"姓名:"<<starry[i].name<<" 年龄："<<starry[i].age<<" 分数："<<starry[i].score<<endl;
   }
}

3、结构体与指针

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
struct Student
{
   string name;
   int age;
   int score;
};
int main()
{
   //1、创建结构体变量
   struct Student s1={"王麻子",20,89};
   //2、通过指针指向结构体变量
   struct Student *p=&s1;
   //3、通过指针访问结构体变量当中的数据
   cout<<"姓名："<<p->name<<" 年龄:"<<p->age<<" 分数："<<p->score<<endl;
   
}

4、结构体的嵌套

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
struct Student
{
   string name;
   int age;
   int score;
};
struct Teacher
{
   string name;
   int id;
   int age;
   struct Student stu;
};
int main()
{
   struct Teacher t={"d",12,56};
   t.stu.name="dsf";
   t.stu.age=34;
   t.stu.score=90;
   cout<<t.name<<t.age<<t.stu.name<<endl;
}

5、结构体作为函数的参数

函数当中地址传递可以节省内存（但如果修改值时，其原来的值也变了）

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
//值传递(修饰形参数后，实参不改变)和地址传递(修饰形参数后，实参改变)两种
struct Student
{
   string name;
   int age;
   int score;
};
void printstudentzhi(struct Student s1)
{
   cout<<"姓名:"<<s1.name<<" 年龄"<<s1.age<<" 分数"<<s1.score<<endl;
}

void printstudentdizhi(struct Student *s1)
{
   cout<<"姓名:"<<s1->name<<" 年龄"<<s1->age<<" 分数"<<s1->score<<endl;
}

int main()
{
   struct Student s1={"赵武",23,89};
   //printstudentzhi(s1); //值传递
   printstudentdizhi(&s1); //地址传递
   
}

6、const加上后（地址传递），原来数据不能被修改

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
struct Student
{
   string name;
   int age;
   int score;
};
void printstudentdizhi(const Student *s1)
{
   //s1->name="王五";//加了const后此处报错，不接受修改
   cout<<"姓名:"<<s1->name<<" 年龄"<<s1->age<<" 分数"<<s1->score<<endl;
}

int main()
{
   struct Student s1={"赵武",23,89};
   printstudentdizhi(&s1); //地址传递
   cout<<"姓名:"<<s1.name<<" 年龄"<<s1.age<<" 分数"<<s1.score<<endl;
   
}