实战–自己制作一个二维码
虽然生成二维码不是什么难事，毕竟有那么多轮子（zxing算一个，不想麻烦的可以用这个）。但是两三行调用别人的代码就完事感觉没什么意思，其实还是想折腾。
- 如果对二维码的原理不熟悉，可以参考我转载的这篇博客https://blog.csdn.net/qq_17190121/article/details/104715136
博主写得很清楚了，看一两遍然后就懂了 - 找不到官方文档，貌似ISO要收费。。然后就在百度文库中找了中文版的https://wenku.baidu.com/view/ef77275f312b3169a451a4a4.html?pn=50
自我感觉代码写得一般，但逻辑很清晰，基本步骤如图
其实上面这个图是在写代码出现bug时想到的一个办法，嗯…，还挺好看的
因为目的是用手机扫码，所以二维码的规格不用特别大，一般只需要存一个网站的地址即可，微信/支付宝扫到二维码时会自动跳转到这个网址。
我这里用的规格
| 版本 | 纠错等级 | 编码方式 |
|---|---|---|
| 6 | H | Byte Mode |
参考文档位置
初始化数据
# 相关信息
self.version = 6
# H纠错等级的指示码，版本6的字节数，划分数据块数，每块数据数，每块纠错数
self.relate_info = {'err_code': '10', 'total_bytes': 172, 'number_of_block': 4,
'per_block_data': 15, 'per_block_err': 28}
# 对齐图案中心点位置
self.align_pos = 34
self.size = 21 + (self.version - 1) * 4
# 0表示白，1表示黑，2表示未使用
self.pattern = np.ones([self.size, self.size], dtype=int) * 2
self.data = data
# 格式：{'000':[[1,0,0,1]...[0,1,1,0],'001':...}
self.masking_pattern = None
self.masking_coding = None
self.draw = True
绘制定位图案
版本确定了，位置也就确定了
def get_position_pattern(self):
# 画好一个定位图案
position_pattern = np.ones([7, 7], dtype=int)
for i in range(1, 6):
for j in range(1, 6):
if i == 1 or i == 5:
position_pattern[i][j] = 0
continue
if j == 1 or j == 5:
position_pattern[i][j] = 0
continue
# 放在三个位置
for i in range(0, 7):
for j in range(0, 7):
self.pattern[i][j] = position_pattern[i][j]
self.pattern[i][j + self.size - 7] = position_pattern[i][j]
self.pattern[i + self.size - 7][j] = position_pattern[i][j]
if self.draw:
self.dynamic_draw()
绘制定位图案白边
def get_position_round_pattern(self):
for i in range(0, 8):
self.pattern[i][7] = 0
self.pattern[7][i] = 0
self.pattern[i][self.size - 8] = 0
self.pattern[self.size - 8][i] = 0
self.pattern[i + self.size - 8][7] = 0
self.pattern[7][i + self.size - 8] = 0
if self.draw:
self.dynamic_draw()
绘制对齐图案
def get_alignment_pattern(self):
# 画好一个对齐图案
alignment_pattern = np.ones([5, 5], dtype=int)
for i in range(1, 4):
for j in range(1, 4):
if i == 1 or i == 3:
alignment_pattern[i][j] = 0
continue
if j == 1 or j == 3:
alignment_pattern[i][j] = 0
continue
# 只放置在一个位置
for i in range(0, 5):
for j in range(0, 5):
self.pattern[i + self.align_pos - 2][j + self.align_pos - 2] = alignment_pattern[i][j]
if self.draw:
self.dynamic_draw()
绘制时序图案
def get_timing_pattern(self):
fill_black = True
for i in range(8, self.size - 7):
if fill_black:
self.pattern[6][i] = 1
self.pattern[i][6] = 1
else:
self.pattern[6][i] = 0
self.pattern[i][6] = 0
fill_black = not fill_black
if self.draw:
self.dynamic_draw()
绘制临时的格式图案
主要是为了占坑，让后面填充数据的操作更简单
def get_tmp_format_pattern(self):
# 右上角0-7
for i in range(0, 8):
self.pattern[8][self.size - 1 - i] = 0
# 左下角8-14
for i in range(0, 7):
self.pattern[self.size - 7 + i][8] = 0
# 固定黑点
self.pattern[self.size - 8][8] = 0
# 左上角部分
for i in range(0, 6):
self.pattern[i][8] = 0
for i in range(0, 6):
self.pattern[8][5 - i] = 0
# 位置是固定的
self.pattern[7][8] = 0
self.pattern[8][8] = 0
self.pattern[8][7] = 0
绘制版本图案
这个版本刚好不用，版本7以上才需要
def get_version_pattern(self):
# version7及以上才有
pass
获取掩膜图案
这个版本是长这样的
看看如何生成这么奇怪的形状
def get_masking_area(self):
masking_area = np.zeros([self.size, self.size], dtype=int)
for i in range(self.size):
for j in range(self.size):
if self.pattern[i][j] == 2:
masking_area[i][j] = 1
return masking_area
def get_masking_pattern(self):
# 八个模板
masking_array = {}
masking_area = self.get_masking_area()
##########
code = "000"
masking = np.zeros([self.size, self.size], dtype=int)
for i in range(self.size):
for j in range(self.size):
if (i + j) % 2 == 0:
masking[i][j] = masking_area[i][j]
masking_array[code] = masking
##########
code = "001"
masking = np.zeros([self.size, self.size], dtype=int)
for i in range(self.size):
for j in range(self.size):
if i % 2 == 0:
masking[i][j] = masking_area[i][j]
masking_array[code] = masking
##########
code = "010"
masking = np.zeros([self.size, self.size], dtype=int)
for i in range(self.size):
for j in range(self.size):
if j % 3 == 0:
masking[i][j] = masking_area[i][j]
masking_array[code] = masking
##########
code = "011"
masking = np.zeros([self.size, self.size], dtype=int)
for i in range(self.size):
for j in range(self.size):
if (i + j) % 3 == 0:
masking[i][j] = masking_area[i][j]
masking_array[code] = masking
##########
code = "100"
masking = np.zeros([self.size, self.size], dtype=int)
for i in range(self.size):
for j in range(self.size):
# 这里有一点坑,不转为int会变成float+float
if (int(i / 2) + int(j / 3)) % 2 == 0:
masking[i][j] = masking_area[i][j]
masking_array[code] = masking
##########
code = "101"
masking = np.zeros([self.size, self.size], dtype=int)
for i in range(self.size):
for j in range(self.size):
if ((i * j) % 2 + (i * j) % 3) == 0:
masking[i][j] = masking_area[i][j]
masking_array[code] = masking
##########
code = "110"
masking = np.zeros([self.size, self.size], dtype=int)
for i in range(self.size):
for j in range(self.size):
if ((i * j) % 2 + (i * j) % 3) % 2 == 0:
masking[i][j] = masking_area[i][j]
masking_array[code] = masking
##########
code = "111"
masking = np.zeros([self.size, self.size], dtype=int)
for i in range(self.size):
for j in range(self.size):
if ((i * j) % 3 + (i + j) % 2) % 2 == 0:
masking[i][j] = masking_area[i][j]
masking_array[code] = masking
self.masking_pattern = masking_array
填充最初的数据
def fill_data(self):
# 右下角开始填充，先右后左，蛇形走位
x = self.size - 1
y = self.size - 1
pos_right = True
direct = 1 # 0向下 1向上
index = 0
data = _rsEncode(self.data, self.relate_info['per_block_data'],
self.relate_info['number_of_block'], self.relate_info['per_block_err'])
remainder = 7
while index < len(data) + remainder:
if self.pattern[x][y] == 2:
if index < len(data):
self.pattern[x][y] = int(data[index])
# 把剩下7个空白补上--版本6剩下7个空白位置
else:
self.pattern[x][y] = 0
index = index + 1
if pos_right:
y = y - 1
else:
x = x + (-1) ** direct
y = y + 1
pos_right = not pos_right
# 向上飞出天了
if x < 0:
direct = 0
x = 0
y = y - 2
# 刚好碰到时序线,这个的位置固定y为6，要左移一格
if y == 6:
y = y - 1
# 向下钻出地了
if x > 40:
direct = 1
x = 40
y = y - 2
if self.draw:
self.dynamic_draw()
与所有掩膜做异或，选择处罚最低的
这里的评价一开始代码写的很晕，因为中文文档的表述不是很清楚。所以我找了英文的来看，它下面有详细的解释，理解起来容易很多
def find_best_masking_and_set(self):
coding = ''
score = 0
for key in self.masking_pattern.keys():
mask_score = self.get_mask_score(self.masking_pattern[key], key)
print(key, mask_score)
if coding == '':
coding = key
score = mask_score
else:
if score > mask_score:
score = mask_score
coding = key
self.masking_coding = coding
# set
# 可以针对去调整评价算法
masking_pattern = self.masking_pattern[coding]
# 执行异或操作
for i in range(self.size):
for j in range(self.size):
self.pattern[i][j] = masking_pattern[i][j] ^ self.pattern[i][j]
if self.draw:
self.dynamic_draw()
self.get_format_pattern()
def get_mask_score(self, masking_pattern, key):
array = np.zeros([self.size, self.size], dtype=int)
self.masking_coding = key
self.get_format_pattern()
# 执行异或操作
for i in range(self.size):
for j in range(self.size):
array[i][j] = masking_pattern[i][j] ^ self.pattern[i][j]
n1 = 0
n2 = 0
n3 = 0
n4 = 0
# 横竖存黑白相间次数的数组
row_interval = []
col_interval = []
# 横竖连续5个以上颜色相同，分数：个数-2
i = 0
while i < self.size:
j = 0
interval = []
while j < self.size:
times = 0
k = j
while k < self.size and array[i][k] == array[i][j]:
k = k + 1
times = times + 1
interval.append(times)
if times >= 5:
n1 = n1 + times - 2
j = k
i = i + 1
row_interval.append(interval)
i = 0
while i < self.size:
j = 0
interval = []
while j < self.size:
times = 0
k = j
while k < self.size and array[k][i] == array[j][i]:
k = k + 1
times = times + 1
interval.append(times)
if times >= 5:
n1 = n1 + times - 2
j = k
i = i + 1
col_interval.append(interval)
# 存在2X2颜色相同的块
for i in range(self.size - 1):
for j in range(self.size - 1):
if array[i][j] == array[i + 1][j] and array[i][j] == array[i][j + 1]:
if array[i][j] == array[i + 1][j + 1]:
n2 = n2 + 3
# 横竖出现1:1:3:1:1 的黑白黑白黑，且前面或后面有4个以上白
for i in range(self.size):
if array[i][0] == 1:
first_dark = True
else:
first_dark = False
# bug warning
for j in range(1, len(row_interval[i])-5):
if row_interval[i][j] == row_interval[i][j+1] and row_interval[i][j]*3 == row_interval[i][j+2]:
if row_interval[i][j] == row_interval[i][j+3] and row_interval[i][j] == row_interval[i][j+4]:
if row_interval[i][j-1] >= 4 and not first_dark:
n3 = n3 + 40
first_dark = not first_dark
continue
if row_interval[i][j+5] >= 4 and not first_dark:
n3 = n3 + 40
first_dark = not first_dark
continue
for i in range(self.size):
if array[0][i] == 1:
first_dark = True
else:
first_dark = False
# bug warning
for j in range(1, len(col_interval[i])-5):
if col_interval[i][j] == col_interval[i][j+1] and col_interval[i][j]*3 == col_interval[i][j+2]:
if col_interval[i][j] == col_interval[i][j+3] and col_interval[i][j] == col_interval[i][j+4]:
if col_interval[i][j-1] >= 4 and not first_dark:
n3 = n3 + 40
first_dark = not first_dark
continue
if col_interval[i][j+5] >= 4 and not first_dark:
n3 = n3 + 40
first_dark = not first_dark
continue
# 黑色块的数量
dark_num = array.sum()
dark_rate = dark_num * 100 / (self.size * self.size)
n4 = n4 + int(math.fabs(dark_rate - 50) / 5) * 10
return n1 + n2 + n3 + n4
def get_format_pattern(self):
code = int(self.relate_info['err_code'] + self.masking_coding, 2)
format_code = '{:015b}'.format(_fmtEncode(code))
# 默认高位在前，反转一下
format_code = format_code[::-1]
# 右上角0-7
for i in range(0, 8):
self.pattern[8][self.size - 1 - i] = int(format_code[i])
# 左下角8-14
for i in range(0, 7):
self.pattern[self.size - 7 + i][8] = int(format_code[i + 8])
# 固定黑点
self.pattern[self.size - 8][8] = 1
# 左上角部分
for i in range(0, 6):
self.pattern[i][8] = int(format_code[i])
self.pattern[8][5 - i] = int(format_code[9 + i])
# 位置是固定的
self.pattern[7][8] = int(format_code[6])
self.pattern[8][8] = int(format_code[7])
self.pattern[8][7] = int(format_code[8])
最后调用画图，看看自己做的二维码
def dynamic_draw(self):
self.show()
plt.pause(0.001)
plt.clf()
def show(self):
pic = np.zeros([self.size, self.size], dtype=int)
for i in range(self.size):
for j in range(self.size):
if self.pattern[i][j] == 1:
pic[i][j] = 0
elif self.pattern[i][j] == 0:
pic[i][j] = 255
else:
pic[i][j] = 200
plt.imshow(pic, cmap="gray")
plt.axis('off')
plt.show()
logo是我后期加上去的。。。
关于其中涉及到的两种编码
-
编数据的用到的里德-所罗门码：这里用了第三方库，虽然晚上也能找到源代码，但有几十行，我就不添加了，直接第三方工具，一两行代码搞定
-
编格式用到的BCH码：代码有点少，所以用了源码
from reedsolo import RSCodec def _fmtEncode(fmt): """Encode the 15-bit format code using BCH code.""" g = 0x537 code = fmt << 10 for i in range(4, -1, -1): if code & (1 << (i + 10)): code ^= g << i return ((fmt << 10) ^ code) ^ 0b101010000010010 def _rsEncode(data, per_block_data, number_of_block, per_block_err): # Byte mode prefix 0100. bitstring = '0100' # Character count in 8 binary bits. bitstring += '{:08b}'.format(len(data)) # Encode every character in ISO-8859-1 in 8 binary bits. for c in data: bitstring += '{:08b}'.format(ord(c.encode('iso-8859-1'))) # Terminator 0000. bitstring += '0000' res = list() # Convert string to byte numbers. while bitstring: res.append(int(bitstring[:8], 2)) bitstring = bitstring[8:] total_data_length = per_block_data * number_of_block # Add padding pattern. while len(res) < total_data_length: res.append(int('11101100', 2)) res.append(int('00010001', 2)) # Slice to 60 bytes for V6-H. res = res[:total_data_length] ecc = RSCodec(per_block_err) blocks = [] for i in range(number_of_block): block = ecc.encode(res[:per_block_data]) blocks.append(block) res = res[per_block_data:] # 先拼接数据，再拼接纠错编码 final_res = '' # 如果使用其他版本，可能不同数据块长度不同，请注意，这里四个数据块长度都是43 for i in range(per_block_data): for j in range(4): final_res = final_res + '{:08b}'.format(blocks[j][i]) for i in range(per_block_data, per_block_data+per_block_err): for j in range(4): final_res = final_res + '{:08b}'.format(blocks[j][i]) return final_res
注意：BCH码最后写回字符串时的第一个字符是二进制的高位，所以要反转一下
数据进行编码时，最终数据 = 4位编码格式 + 字符长度(这里刚好是8位) + 原数据的二进制 + 4位结束符
分块时，将最终数据分成若干份，再各自进行里德-所罗门码的编码，然后再按规定顺序重新组合排列
总结
- 项目放在码云上：https://gitee.com/zhuang_jy/QR_Code
- 两天前一窍不通，只觉得二维码挺有趣的，有点像密码学，到今天才大致理解其原理
- 后期两种纠错编码可以去了解一下
- 后期可以进一步优化，如添加logo，更改形状和颜色等，只要能识别就可以
- 其实这只是第一步，后面还有两步：拍照时定位到二维码并做预处理，将二维码还原为原始信息
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