Scikit-learn 是开源的 Python 库,通过统一的界面实现机器学习、预处理、交叉验证及可视化算法。
一、加载数据
import numpy as np
X = np.random.random((10, 5))
y = np.array(['M', 'M', 'F', 'F', 'M', 'F', 'M', 'M', 'F', 'F'])
X[X < 0.7] = 0
二、训练集与测试集数据
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, random_state=0)
其中len(X_train)=7,len(X_test)=3。
三、数据预处理
1、标准化
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
scaler = StandardScaler().fit(X_train)
standardized_X = scaler.transform(X_train)
standardized_X_test = scaler.transform(X_test)
2、归一化
from sklearn.preprocessing import Normalizer
scaler = Normalizer().fit(X_train)
normalized_X = scaler.transform(X_train)
normalized_X_test = scaler.transform(X_test)
3、二值化
from sklearn.preprocessing import Binarizer
binarizer = Binarizer(threshold=0.0).fit(X)
binary_X = binarizer.transform(X)
[[0. 0. 1. 1. 0.]
[0. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
[1. 0. 1. 0. 0.]
[0. 1. 0. 1. 0.]
[0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[0. 1. 0. 0. 1.]
[0. 0. 0. 1. 1.]
[1. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[0. 1. 0. 1. 0.]
[0. 1. 0. 0. 0.]]
4、编码分类特征
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
enc = LabelEncoder()
y = enc.fit_transform(y)
[1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0]
5、输入缺失值
from sklearn.preprocessing import Imputer
imp = Imputer(missing_values=0, strategy='mean', axis=0)
imp_X = imp.fit_transform(X_train)
[[0.82728283 0.82831898 0.81366112 0.87132971 0.81187488]
[0.82728283 0.94785166 0.87362473 0.91823703 0.72561163]
[0.82728283 0.862883 0.81366112 0.72950674 0.776649 ]
[0.82728283 0.862883 0.81366112 0.87132971 0.81187488]
[0.82728283 0.96075915 0.81366112 0.86954818 0.81187488]
[0.82728283 0.862883 0.75369751 0.96802688 0.81187488]
[0.82728283 0.7146022 0.81366112 0.87132971 0.93336401]]
6、生成多项式特征
from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures
poly = PolynomialFeatures(5)
poly_X = poly.fit_transform(X)
[[1. 0. 0. ... 0. 0. 0. ]
[1. 0. 0.94785166 ... 0.32212343 0.25454921 0.20115053]
[1. 0.70067787 0. ... 0. 0. 0. ]
...
[1. 0.82728283 0. ... 0. 0. 0. ]
[1. 0. 0.8635297 ... 0. 0. 0. ]
[1. 0. 0.82831898 ... 0. 0. 0. ]]
四、创建模
1、有监督学习评估器
(1)线性回归
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
lr = LinearRegression(normalize=True)
(2)支持向量机(SVM)
from sklearn.svm import SVC
svc = SVC(kernel='linear')
(3)朴素贝叶斯
from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB
gnb = GaussianNB()
(4)KNN
from sklearn import neighbors
knn = neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=5)
2、无监督学习评估器
(1)主成分分析(PCA)
from sklearn.decomposition import PCA
pca = PCA(n_components=0.95)
(2)K Means
from sklearn.cluster import KMeans
k_means = KMeans(n_clusters=3, random_state=0)
五、模型训练
1、有监督学习
lr.fit(X, y)
knn.fit(X_train, y_train)
svc.fit(X_train, y_train)
2、无监督学习
k_means.fit(X_train)
pca_model = pca.fit_transform(X_train)
六、模型预测
1、有监督评估器
y_pred = svc.predict(np.random.random((3, 5)))
y_pred = lr.predict(X_test)
y_pred = knn.predict_proba(X_test)
2、无监督评估器
y_pred = k_means.predict(X_test)
七、评估模型性能
1、分类指标
(1)准确率
print(knn.score(X_test, y_test)) # 1.0
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
print(accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred)) # 1.0
(2)分类预估评价函数
from sklearn.metrics import classification_report
print(classification_report(y_test, y_pred))
precision recall f1-score support
F 1.00 1.00 1.00 2
M 1.00 1.00 1.00 1
accuracy 1.00 3
macro avg 1.00 1.00 1.00 3
weighted avg 1.00 1.00 1.00 3
(3)混淆矩阵
from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix
print(confusion_matrix(y_test, y_pred))
[[2 0]
[0 1]]
2、回归指标
(1)平均绝对误差
from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error
y_true = [3, -0.5, 2]
mean_absolute_error(y_true, y_pred)
(2)均方误差
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error
mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred)
(3)R² 评分
from sklearn.metrics import r2_score
r2_score(y_true, y_pred)
3、群集指标
(1)调整兰德系数
from sklearn.metrics import adjusted_rand_score
adjusted_rand_score(y_true, y_pred)
(2)同质性
from sklearn.metrics import homogeneity_score
homogeneity_score(y_true, y_pred)
(3)V-measure
from sklearn.metrics import v_measure_score
v_measure_score(y_true, y_pred)
4、交叉验证
from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score
print(cross_val_score(knn, X_train, y_train, cv=4)) # [0.5 0.5 0.5 1. ]
print(cross_val_score(lr, X, y, cv=2)) # [-2.1895408 -2.52179574]
八、模型调整
1、栅格搜索
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
params = {"n_neighbors": np.arange(1, 3), "metric": ["euclidean", "cityblock"]}
grid = GridSearchCV(estimator=knn, param_grid=params)
grid.fit(X_train, y_train)
print(grid.best_score_) # 0.5714285714285714
print(grid.best_estimator_.n_neighbors) # 2
2、随机参数优化
from sklearn.model_selection import RandomizedSearchCV
params = {"n_neighbors": range(1, 5), "weights": ["uniform", "distance"]}
rsearch = RandomizedSearchCV(estimator=knn,
param_distributions=params,
cv=4,
n_iter=8,
random_state=5)
rsearch.fit(X_train, y_train)
print(rsearch.best_score_) # 0.7142857142857143
摘自DataCamp
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