1. ∫ 1 e x − 1 d x = ∫ e x ( e x ) 2 − e x d x = ∫ 1 ( e x ) 2 − e x d ( e x ) = ∫ [ 1 e x − 1 − 1 e x ] d ( e x ) = ln ∣ e x − 1 ∣ − ln ∣ e x ∣ + C = ln ∣ e x − 1 ∣ − x + C . \begin{aligned} \int \frac{1}{e^x-1}{\rm d}x&=\int \frac{e^x}{(e^x)^2-e^x}{\rm d}x\\ &=\int \frac{1}{(e^x)^2-e^x}{\rm d}(e^x)\\ &=\int \left[\frac{1}{e^x-1}-\frac{1}{e^x}\right]{\rm d}(e^x)\\ &=\ln|e^x-1|-\ln |e^x|+C\\ &=\ln |e^x-1|-x+C. \end{aligned} ∫ex−11dx=∫(ex)2−exexdx=∫(ex)2−ex1d(ex)=∫[ex−11−ex1]d(ex)=ln∣ex−1∣−ln∣ex∣+C=ln∣ex−1∣−x+C.
注意到
∀
x
≠
1
:
1
+
x
+
x
2
+
⋯
+
x
n
=
1
−
x
n
+
1
1
−
x
,
\forall x \neq 1:1+x+x^2+\cdots+x^n=\frac{1-x^{n+1}}{1-x},
∀x̸=1:1+x+x2+⋯+xn=1−x1−xn+1,
于是
lim
n
→
∞
1
+
a
+
a
2
+
⋯
+
a
n
1
+
b
+
b
2
+
⋯
+
b
n
=
lim
n
→
∞
1
−
a
n
+
1
1
−
a
,
1
−
b
n
+
1
1
−
b
=
1
−
b
1
−
a
lim
n
→
∞
1
−
a
n
+
1
1
−
b
n
+
1
=
lim
n
→
∞
1
−
a
n
+
1
1
−
a
,
1
−
b
n
+
1
1
−
b
=
1
−
b
1
−
a
lim
n
→
∞
1
−
a
n
+
1
1
−
b
n
+
1
=
1
−
b
1
−
a
⋅
1
−
0
1
−
0
=
1
−
b
1
−
a
.
\begin{aligned} \lim_{n \to \infty}\frac{1+a+a^2+\cdots+a^n}{1+b+b^2+\cdots+b^n}&=\lim_{n \to \infty}\frac{\dfrac{1-a^{n+1}}{1-a},}{\dfrac{1-b^{n+1}}{1-b}}\\ &=\frac{1-b}{1-a}\lim_{n \to \infty}\frac{1-a^{n+1}}{1-b^{n+1}}\\ &=\lim_{n \to \infty}\frac{\dfrac{1-a^{n+1}}{1-a},}{\dfrac{1-b^{n+1}}{1-b}}\\ &=\frac{1-b}{1-a}\lim_{n \to \infty}\frac{1-a^{n+1}}{1-b^{n+1}}\\ &=\frac{1-b}{1-a}\cdot\frac{1-0}{1-0}\\ &=\frac{1-b}{1-a}. \end{aligned}
n→∞lim1+b+b2+⋯+bn1+a+a2+⋯+an=n→∞lim1−b1−bn+11−a1−an+1,=1−a1−bn→∞lim1−bn+11−an+1=n→∞lim1−b1−bn+11−a1−an+1,=1−a1−bn→∞lim1−bn+11−an+1=1−a1−b⋅1−01−0=1−a1−b.
因为
x
+
1
x
=
1
,
x+\frac{1}{x}=1,
x+x1=1,
所以
x
2
=
x
−
1.
x^2=x-1.
x2=x−1.
于是
x
7
+
1
x
7
=
x
2
⋅
x
2
⋅
x
+
1
x
2
⋅
x
2
⋅
x
=
(
x
−
1
)
⋅
(
x
−
1
)
⋅
x
+
1
(
x
−
1
)
⋅
(
x
−
1
)
⋅
x
=
(
x
2
−
2
x
+
1
)
x
+
1
(
x
2
−
2
x
+
1
)
x
=
(
x
−
1
−
2
x
+
1
)
x
+
1
(
x
−
1
−
2
x
+
1
)
x
=
−
x
2
−
1
x
2
=
−
(
x
+
1
x
)
2
+
2
=
−
1
+
2
=
1.
\begin{aligned} x^7+\frac{1}{x^7}&=x^2\cdot x^2\cdot x+\frac{1}{x^2\cdot x^2\cdot x}\\ &=(x-1)\cdot (x-1)\cdot x+\frac{1}{(x-1)\cdot (x-1)\cdot x}\\ &=(x^2-2x+1)x+\frac{1}{(x^2-2x+1)x}\\ &=(x-1-2x+1)x+\frac{1}{(x-1-2x+1)x}\\ &=-x^2-\frac{1}{x^2}\\ &=-\left(x+\frac{1}{x}\right)^2+2\\ &=-1+2\\ &=1. \end{aligned}
x7+x71=x2⋅x2⋅x+x2⋅x2⋅x1=(x−1)⋅(x−1)⋅x+(x−1)⋅(x−1)⋅x1=(x2−2x+1)x+(x2−2x+1)x1=(x−1−2x+1)x+(x−1−2x+1)x1=−x2−x21=−(x+x1)2+2=−1+2=1.
设 ( 0 , + ∞ ) (0,+\infty) (0,+∞)上的可微函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)满足 f ( x ) = 1 + 1 x ∫ 1 x f ( t ) d t , f(x)=1+\frac{1}{x}\int_1^x f(t){\rm d}t, f(x)=1+x1∫1xf(t)dt,求 f ( x ) f(x) f(x).
解
将题设等式两边对
x
x
x求导，有
f
′
(
x
)
=
−
1
x
2
∫
1
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
+
1
x
f
(
x
)
=
−
1
x
[
1
x
∫
1
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
−
f
(
x
)
]
=
−
1
x
[
f
(
x
)
−
1
−
f
(
x
)
]
=
1
x
,
\begin{aligned} f'(x)&=-\frac{1}{x^2}\int_1^x f(t){\rm d}t+\frac{1}{x}f(x)\\ &=-\frac{1}{x}\left[\frac{1}{x}\int_1^x f(t){\rm d}t-f(x)\right]\\ &=-\frac{1}{x}\left[f(x)-1-f(x)\right]\\ &=\frac{1}{x}, \end{aligned}
f′(x)=−x21∫1xf(t)dt+x1f(x)=−x1[x1∫1xf(t)dt−f(x)]=−x1[f(x)−1−f(x)]=x1,
于是
f
(
x
)
=
ln
∣
x
∣
+
C
=
ln
x
+
C
f(x)=\ln |x|+C=\ln x+C
f(x)=ln∣x∣+C=lnx+C
将
x
=
1
x=1
x=1代入题设等式，得
f
(
1
)
=
1
f(1)=1
f(1)=1，将此结果代入通解，得
C
=
1
C=1
C=1. 于是
f
(
x
)
=
ln
x
+
1
,
x
∈
(
0
,
+
∞
)
.
f(x)=\ln x+1,x \in (0,+\infty).
f(x)=lnx+1,x∈(0,+∞).
证明
首先，我们证明: f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 ( 0 , π ) (0,\pi) (0,π)内至少存在两个零点. 为此目的，考虑使用反证法.
若
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
(
0
,
π
)
(0,\pi)
(0,π)内无零点，则依
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)的连续性，知
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
(
0
,
π
)
(0,\pi)
(0,π)内恒正或者恒负，总之不能变号. 如此，则有
∫
0
π
f
(
x
)
sin
x
d
x
>
0
(
或
<
0
)
,
\int_0^{\pi}f(x)\sin x{\rm d}x>0(或<0),
∫0πf(x)sinxdx>0(或<0),
与题设矛盾. 故而，
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
(
0
,
π
)
(0,\pi)
(0,π)内至少存在一个零点.
又假设，
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
(
0
,
π
)
(0,\pi)
(0,π)内仅有一个零点
x
=
x
0
x=x_0
x=x0，那么
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
(
0
,
x
0
)
(0,x_0)
(0,x0)或
(
x
0
,
π
)
(x_0,\pi)
(x0,π)上也不得变号. 若
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在上述两区间符号相异，则容易验证
f
(
x
)
sin
(
x
−
x
0
)
f(x)\sin(x-x_0)
f(x)sin(x−x0)在
(
0
,
x
0
)
⋃
(
x
0
,
π
)
(0,x_0) \bigcup(x_0,\pi)
(0,x0)⋃(x0,π)上恒正或者恒负，于是
∫
0
π
f
(
x
)
sin
(
x
−
x
0
)
d
x
>
0
(
或
<
0
)
.
\int_0^{\pi}f(x)\sin (x-x_0){\rm d}x>0(或<0).
∫0πf(x)sin(x−x0)dx>0(或<0).
然而，依题设条件，有
∫
0
π
f
(
x
)
sin
(
x
−
x
0
)
d
x
=
∫
0
π
f
(
x
)
(
sin
x
cos
x
0
−
cos
x
sin
x
0
)
d
x
=
cos
x
0
∫
0
π
f
(
x
)
sin
x
d
x
−
sin
x
0
∫
0
π
f
(
x
)
cos
x
d
x
=
0
\begin{aligned} \int_0^{\pi}f(x)\sin (x-x_0){\rm d}x&= \int_0^{\pi}f(x)(\sin x\cos x_0-\cos x\sin x_0){\rm d}x\\ &=\cos x_0\int_0^{\pi}f(x)\sin x{\rm d}x-\sin x_0\int_0^{\pi}f(x)\cos x{\rm d}x\\ &=0 \end{aligned}
∫0πf(x)sin(x−x0)dx=∫0πf(x)(sinxcosx0−cosxsinx0)dx=cosx0∫0πf(x)sinxdx−sinx0∫0πf(x)cosxdx=0
出现矛盾. 类似地，若
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在上述两区间符号相同，也容易验证
f
(
x
)
cos
(
x
−
x
0
)
f(x)\cos(x-x_0)
f(x)cos(x−x0)在
(
0
,
x
0
)
⋃
(
x
0
,
π
)
(0,x_0) \bigcup(x_0,\pi)
(0,x0)⋃(x0,π)上恒正或者恒负，同样能够推出矛盾. 于是
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
(
0
,
π
)
(0,\pi)
(0,π)内至少有两个零点.
假设 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)这两个零点为 x 1 , x 2 x_1,x_2 x1,x2，又不妨设 0 < x 1 < x 2 < π 0<x_1<x_2<\pi 0<x1<x2<π, 于是依Rolle定理，存在一点 ξ ∈ ( x 1 , x 2 ) ⊂ ( 0 , π ) \xi \in (x_1,x_2) \subset (0,\pi) ξ∈(x1,x2)⊂(0,π)使得 f ′ ( ξ ) = 0 f'(\xi)=0 f′(ξ)=0，此即所欲证者.
解
记
a
n
:
=
ln
n
n
,
a_n:=\frac{\ln n}{n},
an:=nlnn,
我们证明
∀
n
>
e
:
a
n
+
1
<
a
n
.
\forall n> e:a_{n+1}<a_n.
∀n>e:an+1<an.
因为
a
n
+
1
−
a
n
=
ln
(
n
+
1
)
n
+
1
−
ln
n
n
=
n
ln
(
n
+
1
)
−
(
n
+
1
)
ln
n
n
(
n
+
1
)
=
1
n
(
n
+
1
)
ln
[
(
1
+
1
n
)
n
⋅
1
n
]
\begin{aligned} a_{n+1}-a_n&=\frac{\ln(n+1)}{n+1}-\frac{\ln n}{n}\\ &=\frac{n\ln(n+1)-(n+1)\ln n}{n(n+1)}\\ &=\frac{1}{n(n+1)}\ln\left[\left(1+\frac{1}{n}\right)^n\cdot \frac{1}{n}\right] \end{aligned}
an+1−an=n+1ln(n+1)−nlnn=n(n+1)nln(n+1)−(n+1)lnn=n(n+1)1ln[(1+n1)n⋅n1]
注意到
(
1
+
1
n
)
n
<
e
,
1
n
<
1
e
\left(1+\frac{1}{n}\right)^n<e,~~~\frac{1}{n}<\frac{1}{e}
(1+n1)n<e, n1<e1
所以
(
1
+
1
n
)
n
⋅
1
n
<
e
⋅
1
e
=
1
\left(1+\frac{1}{n}\right)^n\cdot \frac{1}{n}<e \cdot\frac{1}{e}=1
(1+n1)n⋅n1<e⋅e1=1
于是
a
n
+
1
−
a
n
=
1
n
(
n
+
1
)
ln
[
(
1
+
1
n
)
n
⋅
1
n
]
<
0
,
a_{n+1}-a_n=\frac{1}{n(n+1)}\ln\left[\left(1+\frac{1}{n}\right)^n\cdot \frac{1}{n}\right]<0,
an+1−an=n(n+1)1ln[(1+n1)n⋅n1]<0,
这表明
{
a
n
}
\{a_n\}
{an}单调递减，其中
n
=
3
,
4
,
⋯
n=3,4,\cdots
n=3,4,⋯.
此外，
lim
n
→
∞
a
n
=
lim
n
→
∞
ln
n
1
/
n
=
ln
lim
n
→
∞
n
1
/
n
=
ln
1
=
0.
\lim_{n \to \infty}a_n= \lim_{n \to \infty}\ln n^{1/n}=\ln \lim_{n \to \infty}n^{1/n}=\ln 1=0 .
n→∞liman=n→∞limlnn1/n=lnn→∞limn1/n=ln1=0.
至此，我们已证得莱布尼茨判别法条件俱已满足，因此级数
∑
∞
(
−
1
)
n
ln
n
n
\sum^{\infty}(-1)^n\frac{\ln n}{n}
∑∞(−1)nnlnn收敛.
为解初值问题
{
y
′
′
−
1
2
y
′
3
=
0
,
y
∣
x
=
0
=
0
,
y
′
∣
x
=
0
=
1
\begin{cases}y''-\dfrac{1}{2}y'^3=0,\\y\big|_{x=0}=0,y'\big|_{x=0}=1\end{cases}
⎩⎨⎧y′′−21y′3=0,y∣∣x=0=0,y′∣∣x=0=1
令
y
′
=
:
p
y'=:p
y′=:p，则
y
′
′
=
d
p
d
x
.
y''=\dfrac{{\rm d}p}{{\rm d}x}.
y′′=dxdp. 于是原方程化为
d
p
d
x
−
1
2
p
3
=
0
\dfrac{{\rm d}p}{{\rm d}x}-\frac{1}{2}p^3=0
dxdp−21p3=0
分离变量得
d
p
p
3
=
1
2
d
x
\frac{{\rm d}p}{p^3}=\frac{1}{2}{\rm d}x
p3dp=21dx
两端积分，得
−
1
2
p
2
=
1
2
x
+
C
1
-\frac{1}{2p^2}=\frac{1}{2}x+C_1
−2p21=21x+C1
将
x
=
0
,
p
=
1
x=0,p=1
x=0,p=1代入，解得
C
1
=
−
1
2
C_1=-\dfrac{1}{2}
C1=−21. 于是
d
y
d
x
=
p
=
1
1
−
x
\frac{{\rm d}y}{{\rm d}x}=p=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x}}
dxdy=p=1−x1
这里，据初值条件，开方取正. 进而
d
y
=
1
1
−
x
d
x
{\rm d}y=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x}}{\rm d}x
dy=1−x1dx
两端积分，得
y
=
−
2
1
−
x
+
C
2
y=-2\sqrt{1-x}+C_2
y=−21−x+C2
再将
x
=
0
,
y
=
0
x=0,y=0
x=0,y=0代入，解得
C
2
=
2
C_2=2
C2=2，于是
y
=
2
−
2
1
−
x
y=2-2\sqrt{1-x}
y=2−21−x
即为所求.
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